Hybrid Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 01m 00s

-3999 to -3000 ( 4000 BCE to 3001 BCE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: -3999 to -3000 ( 4000 BCE to 3001 BCE)

During the 10 century period -3999 to -3000 ( 4000 BCE to 3001 BCE[2]), Earth experienced 2387 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: -3999 - -3000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2387100.0%
PartialP 846 35.4%
AnnularA 803 33.6%
TotalT 634 26.6%
HybridH 104 4.4%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 31st century BCE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1437100.0%
Central (two limits) 1411 98.2%
Central (one limit) 16 1.1%
Non-Central (one limit) 10 0.7%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 803100.0%
Central (two limits) 787 98.0%
Central (one limit) 11 1.4%
Non-Central (one limit) 5 0.6%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 634100.0%
Central (two limits) 624 98.4%
Central (one limit) 5 0.8%
Non-Central (one limit) 5 0.8%

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:   -3735 Apr 07      Duration = 07m12s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:   -3124 Nov 24      Duration = 11m36s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:   -3011 May 11      Duration = 01m47s

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Hybrid Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 01m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses: -3999 to -3000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

----- -3890 Aug 07  16:12:50  86400 -72843  -46   H3  -0.1909  1.0169  12.8N  65.7W  79  11   59  01m46s
----- -3880 Jan 22  09:07:58  86400 -72726  -60   H    0.4570  1.0114   3.0N  48.2E  63 184   44  01m15s
----- -3872 Aug 18  00:14:08  86400 -72620  -46   H   -0.1631  1.0105  13.1N 174.4E  81  15   37  01m05s
----- -3731 Jul 20  19:06:07  86400 -70877  -43   H3   0.0502  1.0171  27.0N 108.8W  87 173   59  01m42s
----- -3713 Aug 01  02:49:12  86400 -70654  -43   H    0.0087  1.0103  24.5N 136.8E  89 178   36  01m04s
----- -3572 Jul 02  22:28:00  86400 -68911  -40   H3   0.0569  1.0166  26.0N 160.1W  87 177   57  01m41s
----- -3535 Jan 17  08:01:54  86400 -68459  -35   H    0.5778  1.0109  11.1N  59.0E  55 175   46  01m10s
----- -3413 Jun 16  02:07:25  84484 -66945  -37   H   -0.1568  1.0152  10.9N 140.0E  81 340   53  01m33s
----- -3377 Dec 31  10:32:08  83308 -66493  -32   H   -0.4095  1.0130  46.6S   2.5E  66  17   49  01m05s
----- -3254 May 29  06:04:59  79427 -64979  -34   H    0.2328  1.0123  28.0N  53.4E  76 165   44  01m13s

----- -3236 Dec 02  04:09:09  78848 -64750  -29   H    0.2367  1.0106   3.6S  88.1E  76 191   38  01m07s
----- -3218 Dec 13  12:42:04  78287 -64527  -29   H    0.2311  1.0155   6.8S  42.8W  77 188   55  01m38s
----- -3207 Nov 12  17:19:25  77948 -64392  -28   H   -0.2128  1.0163  21.2S 122.1W  78  29   57  01m25s
----- -3189 Nov 24  02:03:11  77389 -64169  -28   H   -0.2145  1.0146  25.5S 104.8E  77  27   51  01m17s
----- -3171 Dec 04  10:42:23  76833 -63946  -28   Hm  -0.2129  1.0135  29.2S  26.6W  78  24   47  01m11s
----- -3153 Dec 15  19:15:46  76278 -63723  -28   H   -0.2072  1.0127  32.0S 155.8W  78  20   45  01m09s
----- -3152 Jun 08  23:37:23  76264 -63717  -23   H    0.2278  1.0117  30.6N 134.6E  77 156   41  01m05s
----- -3135 Dec 26  03:41:59  75726 -63500  -28   H   -0.1962  1.0124  33.7S  77.3E  79  15   43  01m08s
----- -3134 Jun 20  06:42:46  75711 -63494  -23   H    0.1559  1.0135  29.5N  28.4E  81 161   47  01m17s
----- -3131 Apr 19  20:26:12  75625 -63459  -31   H   -0.1439  1.0157   6.2S 166.5W  82 330   54  01m28s

----- -3116 Jan 06  12:00:12  75176 -63277  -28   H   -0.1795  1.0123  34.1S  47.1W  79  10   43  01m09s
----- -3116 Jun 30  13:56:55  75161 -63271  -23   H    0.0901  1.0149  27.9N  80.2W  85 166   51  01m27s
----- -3113 May 01  03:19:14  75075 -63236  -31   H   -0.2252  1.0121   6.2S  89.0E  77 331   43  01m09s
----- -3098 Jan 16  20:08:18  74627 -63054  -28   H   -0.1549  1.0124  33.1S 169.1W  81   5   43  01m11s
----- -3098 Jul 11  21:19:14  74613 -63048  -23   H    0.0302  1.0156  25.6N 168.7E  88 171   54  01m34s
----- -3095 Nov 03  21:11:18  74512 -63007  -26   H   -0.0273  1.0119   8.5S 171.1E  88  28   41  01m04s
----- -3080 Jan 28  04:06:53  74081 -62831  -28   H   -0.1233  1.0124  30.6S  70.9E  83 360   43  01m13s
----- -3080 Jul 22  04:52:22  74066 -62825  -23   H   -0.0217  1.0161  22.9N  54.4E  89 355   55  01m39s
----- -3077 Nov 15  05:55:35  73966 -62784  -26   H   -0.0292  1.0150  12.9S  37.4E  88  26   51  01m21s
----- -3066 Oct 15  10:19:27  73636 -62649  -25   Hm   0.0042  1.0142   1.2N  27.9W  90 198   49  01m24s

----- -3062 Feb 07  11:54:45  73537 -62608  -28   H   -0.0837  1.0125  26.8S  47.2W  85 355   43  01m16s
----- -3062 Aug 02  12:35:25  73522 -62602  -23   H   -0.0659  1.0161  19.7N  62.8W  86   0   55  01m41s
----- -3048 Oct 25  19:02:41  73094 -62426  -25   H    0.0068  1.0106   3.2S 161.5W  90 199   37  01m04s
----- -3044 Feb 18  19:33:13  72994 -62385  -28   H   -0.0374  1.0123  21.8S 163.7W  88 352   42  01m16s
----- -3044 Aug 12  20:27:59  72980 -62379  -23   H   -0.1028  1.0161  16.0N 177.1E  84   5   55  01m42s
----- -3029 May 01  13:54:25  72539 -62197  -20   H   -0.3160  1.0127  12.0S  81.2W  72 342   46  01m20s
----- -3026 Mar 01  02:59:37  72454 -62162  -28   H    0.0180  1.0118  15.7S  81.8E  89 167   41  01m15s
----- -3026 Aug 24  04:31:07  72439 -62156  -23   H   -0.1318  1.0159  12.0N  53.9E  83   8   55  01m40s
----- -3011 May 11  20:47:06  72000 -61974  -20   H2  -0.2350  1.0169   3.4S 170.5E  76 344   59  01m47s
----- -3008 Mar 11  10:18:11  71915 -61939  -28   H    0.0789  1.0109   8.8S  31.4W  86 165   38  01m10s

----- -3008 Sep 03  12:43:53  71901 -61933  -23   H   -0.1533  1.0159   7.8N  71.9W  81  12   55  01m39s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11