Hybrid Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 01m 00s

2001 to 3000 ( 2001 CE to 3000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 3000

During the 10 century period 2001 to 3000 ( 2001 CE to 3000 CE[2]), Earth will experience 2388 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 2001 - 3000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2388100.0%
PartialP 847 35.5%
AnnularA 834 34.9%
TotalT 650 27.2%
HybridH 57 2.4%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 30th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1484100.0%
Central (two limits) 1442 97.2%
Central (one limit) 23 1.5%
Non-Central (one limit) 19 1.3%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 834100.0%
Central (two limits) 803 96.3%
Central (one limit) 15 1.8%
Non-Central (one limit) 16 1.9%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 650100.0%
Central (two limits) 639 98.3%
Central (one limit) 8 1.2%
Non-Central (one limit) 3 0.5%

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    2186 Jul 16      Duration = 07m29s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    2010 Jan 15      Duration = 11m08s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    2013 Nov 03      Duration = 01m40s

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Hybrid Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 01m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 3000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

09538  2013 Nov 03  12:47:36     67    171  143   H3   0.3272  1.0159   3.5N  11.7W  71 192   58  01m40s
09559  2023 Apr 20  04:17:56     76    288  129   H   -0.3952  1.0132   9.6S 125.8E  67 334   49  01m16s
09578  2031 Nov 14  21:07:31     86    394  143   H    0.3078  1.0106   0.6S 137.6W  72 189   38  01m08s
09900  2172 Oct 17  16:01:36    341   2137  146   H3  -0.1484  1.0174  17.3S  66.7W  81  28   60  01m34s
09944  2190 Oct 29  00:05:50    388   2360  146   H   -0.1161  1.0116  19.6S 173.1E  83  25   40  01m04s
10340  2349 Oct 13  03:28:54    848   4326  149   H   -0.0532  1.0126  10.6S 127.0E  87  16   43  01m18s
10430  2386 Apr 29  12:32:25    972   4778  154   H2  -0.5483  1.0146  18.1S   2.8E  57 347   60  01m30s
10720  2508 Sep 26  07:14:51   1447   6292  152   H    0.2046  1.0134   9.0N  81.0E  78 209   47  01m14s
10803  2545 Apr 12  16:19:46   1606   6744  157   H    0.3942  1.0149  29.4N  70.1W  67 149   55  01m17s
11078  2667 Sep 10  11:25:05   2201   8258  155   H   -0.3393  1.0134  14.2S  11.4E  70  18   49  01m22s

11162  2704 Mar 27  19:45:56   2397   8710  160   H   -0.2211  1.0148   9.5S 101.4W  77 342   52  01m29s
11461  2826 Aug 24  15:52:15   3112  10224  158   H    0.4557  1.0123  34.6N  29.9W  63 212   47  01m03s
11554  2863 Mar 10  22:51:08   3343  10676  163   H    0.0299  1.0147   2.3S 147.4W  88 151   50  01m21s
11817  2967 Jul 28  13:27:22   4049  11967  161   H3  -0.4892  1.0147  10.4S   7.0W  61   8   58  01m37s
11861  2985 Aug 07  20:31:50   4178  12190  161   H   -0.5686  1.0097  18.3S 115.6W  55  12   41  01m02s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11