Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.
During the 10 century period 3001 to 4000 ( 3001 CE to 4000 CE[2]), Earth will experience 2365 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.
| Solar Eclipses: 3001 - 4000 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 2365 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 829 | 35.1% |
| Annular | A | 741 | 31.3% |
| Total | T | 625 | 26.4% |
| Hybrid | H | 170 | 7.2% |
Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 40th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).
| Annular and Total Eclipses | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All | 1366 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 1324 | 96.9% |
| Central (one limit) | 20 | 1.5% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 22 | 1.6% |
| Annular Eclipses | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Annular Eclipses | 741 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 710 | 95.8% |
| Central (one limit) | 15 | 2.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 16 | 2.2% |
| Total Eclipses | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Total Eclipses | 625 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 614 | 98.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 5 | 0.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 6 | 1.0% |
The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 3991 Jul 25 Duration = 07m18s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 3080 Jan 14 Duration = 12m09s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 3667 Jan 07 Duration = 01m45s
Long Annular Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Annular Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 09m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.
The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.
TD of
Catalog Calendar Greatest Luna Saros Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Number Date Eclipse ΔT Num Num Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
----- 3007 Dec 01 22:05:03 4340 12466 168 A 0.2441 0.9251 8.0S 132.7W 76 194 291 10m13s
----- 3025 Dec 12 05:53:04 4474 12689 168 A 0.2659 0.9223 7.8S 111.0E 75 189 304 10m59s
----- 3043 Dec 23 13:45:49 4609 12912 168 A 0.2835 0.9201 6.9S 6.5W 74 185 316 11m35s
----- 3062 Jan 02 21:43:43 4746 13135 168 A 0.2965 0.9184 5.5S 125.5W 73 181 324 11m59s
----- 3080 Jan 14 05:43:42 4885 13358 168 A 0.3078 0.9174 3.4S 114.8E 72 176 330 12m09s
----- 3098 Jan 24 13:45:55 5027 13581 168 A 0.3172 0.9170 0.7S 5.6W 72 173 332 12m05s
----- 3116 Feb 05 21:46:51 5170 13804 168 A 0.3276 0.9173 2.7N 126.0W 71 169 332 11m48s
----- 3134 Feb 16 05:46:01 5316 14027 168 A 0.3394 0.9182 6.8N 113.9E 70 166 329 11m21s
----- 3152 Feb 27 13:41:04 5463 14250 168 A 0.3544 0.9197 11.5N 5.5W 69 164 324 10m48s
----- 3170 Mar 09 21:32:05 5612 14473 168 A 0.3726 0.9216 16.6N 123.9W 68 162 318 10m10s
----- 3188 Mar 20 05:15:10 5764 14696 168 A 0.3975 0.9241 22.4N 119.4E 66 161 310 09m28s
----- 3352 Nov 28 22:50:10 7239 16733 193 A 0.7978 0.9219 31.7N 132.2W 37 184 490 09m48s
----- 3361 Nov 19 17:35:39 7324 16844 174 A 0.7389 0.9225 26.0N 42.0W 42 200 426 09m36s
----- 3370 Dec 10 06:33:12 7411 16956 193 A 0.7724 0.9194 28.0N 109.7E 39 179 482 10m31s
----- 3379 Dec 01 01:11:52 7497 17067 174 A 0.7703 0.9195 27.5N 157.3W 39 195 473 10m11s
----- 3388 Dec 20 14:22:50 7585 17179 193 A 0.7523 0.9173 25.5N 9.7W 41 175 477 10m59s
----- 3397 Dec 11 08:53:43 7672 17290 174 A 0.7971 0.9169 29.5N 85.6E 37 191 520 10m36s
----- 3407 Jan 01 22:17:56 7760 17402 193 A 0.7368 0.9155 24.1N 130.2W 42 170 473 11m13s
----- 3415 Dec 23 16:44:00 7849 17513 174 A 0.8167 0.9149 31.5N 34.1W 35 186 562 10m51s
----- 3425 Jan 12 06:15:52 7938 17625 193 A 0.7234 0.9144 23.6N 108.8E 43 165 467 11m11s
----- 3434 Jan 03 00:38:28 8027 17736 174 A 0.8327 0.9134 33.9N 155.2W 33 181 599 10m52s
----- 3443 Jan 23 14:17:23 8118 17848 193 A 0.7130 0.9138 24.0N 12.9W 44 161 460 10m57s
----- 3452 Jan 14 08:38:03 8208 17959 174 A 0.8446 0.9126 36.5N 82.1E 32 176 625 10m42s
----- 3461 Feb 02 22:18:37 8300 18071 193 A 0.7020 0.9138 25.0N 134.5W 45 156 450 10m32s
----- 3470 Jan 24 16:38:42 8391 18182 174 A 0.8554 0.9124 39.5N 41.2W 31 170 646 10m19s
----- 3479 Feb 14 06:19:35 8483 18294 193 A 0.6910 0.9145 26.6N 104.1E 46 153 438 10m02s
----- 3488 Feb 05 00:41:42 8576 18405 174 A 0.8645 0.9129 42.8N 165.3W 30 165 659 09m48s
----- 3497 Feb 24 14:16:27 8669 18517 193 A 0.6765 0.9158 28.6N 15.9W 47 149 423 09m29s
----- 3506 Feb 16 08:42:57 8762 18628 174 A 0.8749 0.9140 46.7N 70.6E 29 160 674 09m09s
----- 3620 Jan 17 23:45:11 9989 20037 196 A -0.4432 0.9169 47.0S 129.6W 63 353 353 09m07s
----- 3638 Jan 28 07:45:56 10190 20260 196 A -0.4319 0.9167 43.5S 113.7E 64 348 351 09m20s
----- 3656 Feb 08 15:48:12 10394 20483 196 A -0.4218 0.9171 39.4S 4.4W 65 345 347 09m30s
----- 3674 Feb 18 23:48:22 10599 20706 196 A -0.4098 0.9183 34.7S 123.0W 66 343 339 09m36s
----- 3688 Nov 06 11:17:53 10768 20888 199 A 0.3528 0.9314 4.0N 55.1E 69 191 274 09m36s
----- 3692 Mar 01 07:46:28 10807 20929 196 A -0.3958 0.9200 29.6S 118.2E 67 341 329 09m38s
----- 3706 Nov 18 18:39:35 10977 21111 199 A 0.3094 0.9286 1.3S 55.7W 72 187 281 10m14s
----- 3710 Mar 13 15:39:53 11016 21152 196 A -0.3778 0.9223 24.2S 0.2W 68 341 316 09m36s
----- 3724 Nov 29 02:09:49 11188 21334 199 A 0.2728 0.9260 5.5S 168.2W 74 183 289 10m44s
----- 3728 Mar 23 23:29:14 11227 21375 196 A -0.3565 0.9251 18.5S 117.9W 69 342 301 09m30s
----- 3742 Dec 10 09:47:39 11402 21557 199 A 0.2425 0.9238 8.7S 78.0E 76 179 296 11m03s
----- 3746 Apr 04 07:10:02 11441 21598 196 A -0.3277 0.9285 12.6S 126.3E 71 343 283 09m19s
----- 3760 Dec 20 17:32:23 11617 21780 199 A 0.2178 0.9218 10.8S 37.1W 77 175 303 11m12s
----- 3764 Apr 14 14:45:24 11656 21821 196 A -0.2943 0.9321 6.7S 11.7E 73 345 265 09m02s
----- 3779 Jan 01 01:23:21 11834 22003 199 A 0.1982 0.9204 11.6S 153.6W 79 170 307 11m10s
----- 3797 Jan 11 09:19:50 12053 22226 199 A 0.1829 0.9195 11.4S 88.7E 80 166 310 10m59s
----- 3815 Jan 23 17:18:36 12274 22449 199 A 0.1692 0.9192 10.2S 29.7W 80 162 310 10m40s
----- 3833 Feb 03 01:20:50 12497 22672 199 A 0.1581 0.9194 8.2S 149.1W 81 158 309 10m17s
----- 3851 Feb 14 09:22:25 12722 22895 199 A 0.1460 0.9204 5.5S 91.5E 82 155 304 09m51s
----- 3869 Feb 24 17:24:10 12950 23118 199 A 0.1340 0.9219 2.4S 28.1W 82 153 297 09m23s
----- 3919 Dec 05 19:38:00 13600 23746 202 A 0.0143 0.9265 21.4S 60.6W 89 195 277 09m34s
TD of
Catalog Calendar Greatest Luna Saros Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Number Date Eclipse ΔT Num Num Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
----- 3937 Dec 16 03:18:37 13835 23969 202 Am 0.0434 0.9246 20.7S 173.5W 88 189 285 10m08s
----- 3955 Jan 07 11:36:44 14059 24180 192 A 0.7524 0.9285 26.8N 64.1E 41 179 408 09m05s
----- 3955 Dec 27 11:04:44 14072 24192 202 A 0.0681 0.9231 19.3S 72.0E 86 184 291 10m35s
----- 3973 Jan 17 19:41:03 14298 24403 192 A 0.7667 0.9255 29.6N 58.9W 40 174 437 09m17s
----- 3974 Jan 06 18:58:48 14311 24415 202 A 0.0864 0.9221 17.4S 44.6W 85 179 296 10m53s
----- 3991 Jan 29 03:45:55 14539 24626 192 A 0.7800 0.9230 32.9N 177.8E 38 170 463 09m18s
----- 3992 Jan 18 02:56:27 14552 24638 202 A 0.1017 0.9216 14.8S 162.5W 84 175 298 11m00s
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)
[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )
[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
