The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 19 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -2333 Jun 15. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -1035 Aug 01. The total duration of Saros series 19 is 1298.17 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2333 Jun 15 12:31:09 TD
Last Eclipse = -1035 Aug 01 20:01:21 TD
Duration of Saros 19 = 1298.17 Years
Saros 19 is composed of 73 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 19 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 73 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 29 | 39.7% |
| Annular | A | 36 | 49.3% |
| Total | T | 6 | 8.2% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.7% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 19 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 19 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 41 | 93.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 2 | 4.5% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.3% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 73 eclipses in Saros 19: 21P 36A 2H 6T 8P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 19 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 19 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1936 Feb 08 | 07m38s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1323 Feb 09 | 00m08s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | -1197 Apr 27 | 02m21s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | -1269 Mar 14 | 01m15s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1287 Mar 03 | 00m49s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1305 Feb 21 | 00m22s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | -1161 May 18 | - | 0.88650 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | -2333 Jun 15 | - | 0.01471 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 19. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 19.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
----- -35 -2333 Jun 15 12:31:09 54922 -53587 Pb 1.5434 0.0147 63.1N 78.8E 0
----- -34 -2315 Jun 25 19:19:53 54446 -53364 P 1.4758 0.1369 63.9N 34.9W 0
----- -33 -2297 Jul 07 02:12:23 53972 -53141 P 1.4114 0.2520 64.8N 149.8W 0
----- -32 -2279 Jul 17 09:11:09 53500 -52918 P 1.3526 0.3562 65.8N 93.4E 0
----- -31 -2261 Jul 28 16:16:07 53030 -52695 P 1.2995 0.4492 66.8N 25.4W 0
----- -30 -2243 Aug 07 23:28:01 52562 -52472 P 1.2526 0.5305 67.9N 146.4W 0
----- -29 -2225 Aug 19 06:48:01 52096 -52249 P 1.2129 0.5983 68.9N 90.0E 0
----- -28 -2207 Aug 29 14:16:09 51633 -52026 P 1.1804 0.6533 69.8N 36.2W 0
----- -27 -2189 Sep 09 21:52:18 51171 -51803 P 1.1548 0.6957 70.6N 165.1W 0
----- -26 -2171 Sep 20 05:35:35 50711 -51580 P 1.1356 0.7271 71.2N 63.7E 0
----- -25 -2153 Oct 01 13:26:05 50254 -51357 P 1.1229 0.7475 71.6N 69.8W 0
----- -24 -2135 Oct 11 21:22:39 49799 -51134 P 1.1154 0.7590 71.7N 154.9E 0
----- -23 -2117 Oct 23 05:23:04 49345 -50911 P 1.1114 0.7649 71.5N 18.6E 0
----- -22 -2099 Nov 02 13:27:19 48894 -50688 P 1.1108 0.7653 71.1N 118.3W 0
----- -21 -2081 Nov 13 21:31:57 48445 -50465 P 1.1104 0.7656 70.5N 105.2E 0
----- -20 -2063 Nov 24 05:36:50 47998 -50242 P 1.1108 0.7647 69.6N 30.8W 0
----- -19 -2045 Dec 05 13:37:20 47553 -50019 P 1.1076 0.7701 68.7N 165.0W 0
----- -18 -2027 Dec 15 21:35:20 47110 -49796 P 1.1025 0.7787 67.6N 62.0E 0
----- -17 -2009 Dec 27 05:26:01 46669 -49573 P 1.0913 0.7978 66.5N 68.4W 0
00022 -16 -1990 Jan 06 13:10:01 46230 -49350 P 1.0749 0.8256 65.4N 163.3E 0
00065 -15 -1972 Jan 17 20:43:43 45793 -49127 P 1.0502 0.8677 64.4N 38.0E 0
00108 -14 -1954 Jan 28 04:09:29 45358 -48904 A+ 1.0192 0.9207 63.4N 84.9W 0
00151 -13 -1936 Feb 08 11:24:38 44926 -48681 An 0.9793 0.9202 53.9N 167.7E 11 - 07m38s
00194 -12 -1918 Feb 18 18:29:52 44495 -48458 A 0.9312 0.9255 46.0N 61.8E 21 755 07m30s
00238 -11 -1900 Mar 01 01:25:12 44067 -48235 A 0.8748 0.9302 41.1N 42.9W 29 523 07m09s
00282 -10 -1882 Mar 12 08:11:58 43640 -48012 A 0.8112 0.9347 37.7N 145.4W 36 402 06m41s
00328 -09 -1864 Mar 22 14:50:16 43216 -47789 A 0.7404 0.9389 35.4N 114.6E 42 326 06m12s
00374 -08 -1846 Apr 02 21:21:37 42794 -47566 A 0.6631 0.9428 34.0N 16.8E 48 274 05m46s
00420 -07 -1828 Apr 13 03:47:21 42374 -47343 A 0.5808 0.9464 33.1N 79.3W 54 237 05m23s
00465 -06 -1810 Apr 24 10:09:51 41956 -47120 A 0.4952 0.9495 32.5N 174.3W 60 210 05m06s
00512 -05 -1792 May 04 16:28:25 41539 -46897 A 0.4057 0.9522 31.8N 92.1E 66 190 04m53s
00558 -04 -1774 May 15 22:47:48 41126 -46674 A 0.3163 0.9543 31.0N 1.7W 71 175 04m47s
00603 -03 -1756 May 26 05:07:02 40714 -46451 A 0.2263 0.9560 29.7N 95.3W 77 164 04m46s
00648 -02 -1738 Jun 06 11:30:50 40304 -46228 A 0.1392 0.9572 27.9N 169.6E 82 157 04m50s
00694 -01 -1720 Jun 16 17:56:39 39896 -46005 A 0.0531 0.9579 25.3N 73.7E 87 153 04m58s
00740 00 -1702 Jun 28 00:30:18 39490 -45782 A -0.0270 0.9582 22.1N 24.7W 89 152 05m09s
00784 01 -1684 Jul 08 07:09:27 39087 -45559 Am -0.1029 0.9580 18.1N 125.2W 84 153 05m22s
00826 02 -1666 Jul 19 13:58:11 38685 -45336 A -0.1715 0.9577 13.7N 131.3E 80 156 05m33s
00867 03 -1648 Jul 29 20:54:51 38286 -45113 A -0.2343 0.9570 8.7N 25.2E 77 161 05m42s
00908 04 -1630 Aug 10 04:03:27 37888 -44890 A -0.2879 0.9562 3.6N 84.5W 73 166 05m46s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
00949 05 -1612 Aug 20 11:21:53 37493 -44667 A -0.3338 0.9553 1.8S 162.9E 70 172 05m46s
00990 06 -1594 Aug 31 18:51:18 37100 -44444 A -0.3714 0.9546 7.2S 47.3E 68 178 05m41s
01032 07 -1576 Sep 11 02:31:18 36709 -44221 A -0.4011 0.9540 12.7S 71.0W 66 182 05m34s
01073 08 -1558 Sep 22 10:21:59 36320 -43998 A -0.4227 0.9538 18.0S 168.0E 65 185 05m23s
01113 09 -1540 Oct 02 18:22:02 35933 -43775 A -0.4375 0.9538 23.2S 44.8E 64 186 05m10s
01153 10 -1522 Oct 14 02:29:48 35548 -43552 A -0.4467 0.9544 28.2S 79.9W 63 185 04m55s
01193 11 -1504 Oct 24 10:45:01 35165 -43329 A -0.4506 0.9555 33.0S 154.2E 63 181 04m38s
01233 12 -1486 Nov 04 19:05:27 34784 -43106 A -0.4511 0.9572 37.5S 27.6E 63 174 04m19s
01273 13 -1468 Nov 15 03:29:14 34405 -42883 A -0.4497 0.9596 41.5S 98.9W 63 164 03m59s
01313 14 -1450 Nov 26 11:54:35 34029 -42660 A -0.4479 0.9626 45.0S 135.2E 63 151 03m36s
01354 15 -1432 Dec 06 20:19:34 33654 -42437 A -0.4473 0.9662 47.8S 10.5E 63 136 03m10s
01395 16 -1414 Dec 18 04:42:29 33281 -42214 A -0.4490 0.9705 49.9S 112.8W 63 119 02m42s
01436 17 -1396 Dec 28 13:01:06 32911 -41991 A -0.4552 0.9753 51.0S 125.8E 63 99 02m13s
01478 18 -1377 Jan 08 21:15:24 32543 -41768 A -0.4658 0.9806 51.2S 5.6E 62 78 01m42s
01520 19 -1359 Jan 19 05:23:36 32176 -41545 A -0.4825 0.9862 50.7S 113.1W 61 56 01m10s
01562 20 -1341 Jan 30 13:24:26 31812 -41322 A -0.5061 0.9923 49.4S 129.5E 59 31 00m39s
01605 21 -1323 Feb 09 21:17:59 31450 -41099 A -0.5366 0.9983 47.8S 13.3E 57 7 00m08s
01649 22 -1305 Feb 21 05:04:15 31090 -40876 H -0.5739 1.0045 46.0S 101.8W 55 19 00m22s
01692 23 -1287 Mar 03 12:44:13 30732 -40653 H -0.6178 1.0105 44.2S 144.2E 52 45 00m49s
01737 24 -1269 Mar 14 20:16:03 30376 -40430 T -0.6692 1.0162 42.9S 31.8E 48 74 01m15s
01782 25 -1251 Mar 25 03:43:17 30022 -40207 T -0.7255 1.0214 42.2S 79.6W 43 104 01m38s
01827 26 -1233 Apr 05 11:04:24 29670 -39984 T -0.7875 1.0261 42.6S 170.6E 38 140 01m59s
01872 27 -1215 Apr 15 18:22:31 29320 -39761 T -0.8528 1.0299 44.3S 61.8E 31 189 02m14s
01917 28 -1197 Apr 27 01:36:01 28973 -39538 T -0.9229 1.0323 48.5S 44.1W 22 278 02m21s
01962 29 -1179 May 07 08:49:20 28627 -39315 Ts -0.9938 1.0314 59.0S 138.7W 5 - 02m03s
02008 30 -1161 May 18 16:01:23 28284 -39092 P -1.0662 0.8865 62.0S 111.3E 0
02054 31 -1143 May 28 23:14:28 27942 -38869 P -1.1384 0.7506 62.7S 7.6W 0
02100 32 -1125 Jun 09 06:29:31 27603 -38646 P -1.2093 0.6161 63.5S 127.3W 0
02145 33 -1107 Jun 19 13:48:36 27266 -38423 P -1.2772 0.4869 64.4S 111.9E 0
02188 34 -1089 Jun 30 21:12:28 26930 -38200 P -1.3419 0.3633 65.3S 10.5W 0
02231 35 -1071 Jul 11 04:41:21 26597 -37977 P -1.4029 0.2470 66.3S 134.5W 0
02274 36 -1053 Jul 22 12:17:33 26266 -37754 P -1.4583 0.1412 67.3S 99.2E 0
02317 37 -1035 Aug 01 20:01:21 25937 -37531 Pe -1.5079 0.0469 68.2S 29.4W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
