Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Saros Series 25

Introduction

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.


Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 25

Solar eclipses of Saros 25 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -2033 Apr 30. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0771 May 26. The total duration of Saros series 25 is 1262.11 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  -2033 Apr 30   13:34:53 TD
                       Last Eclipse =  -0771 May 26   06:50:24 TD

                      Duration of Saros  25  =  1262.11 Years

Saros 25 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 25
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 71100.0%
PartialP 15 21.1%
AnnularA 52 73.2%
TotalT 3 4.2%
Hybrid[3]H 1 1.4%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 25 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 25
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 56100.0%
Central (two limits) 55 98.2%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 1 1.8%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 25: 7P 52A 1H 3T 8P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 25 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 25
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse -1655 Dec 1212m07s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse -0987 Jan 1600m05s -
Longest Total Solar Eclipse -0933 Feb 1800m45s -
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse -0951 Feb 0700m31s -
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -0969 Jan 2700m13s -
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -0969 Jan 2700m13s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse -1925 Jul 04 - 0.93420
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse -0771 May 26 - 0.08899

Description of the Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 25

The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 25. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.


For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 25.



Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 25

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

----- -34 -2033 Apr 30  13:34:53  47272 -49878   Pb   1.4812  0.1269  60.9N  67.4E   0             
----- -33 -2015 May 10  20:11:10  46831 -49655   P    1.4039  0.2645  61.3N  42.4W   0             
00006 -32 -1997 May 22  02:45:35  46391 -49432   P    1.3253  0.4035  61.7N 151.7W   0             
00049 -31 -1979 Jun 01  09:17:39  45953 -49209   P    1.2453  0.5442  62.3N  99.3E   0             
00091 -30 -1961 Jun 12  15:51:46  45518 -48986   P    1.1676  0.6797  63.1N  10.3W   0             
00134 -29 -1943 Jun 22  22:27:06  45085 -48763   P    1.0914  0.8113  63.9N 120.4W   0             
00177 -28 -1925 Jul 04  05:07:17  44653 -48540   P    1.0195  0.9342  64.8N 128.0E   0             
00221 -27 -1907 Jul 14  11:50:45  44224 -48317   A    0.9506  0.9452  82.7N  36.3E  18  673  03m30s
00265 -26 -1889 Jul 25  18:42:25  43797 -48094   A    0.8889  0.9427  86.2N  90.3E  27  470  04m01s
00310 -25 -1871 Aug 05  01:40:13  43372 -47871   A    0.8327  0.9393  77.5N   4.6W  33  410  04m37s

00357 -24 -1853 Aug 16  08:46:38  42949 -47648   A    0.7840  0.9356  69.7N 111.7W  38  388  05m17s
00403 -23 -1835 Aug 26  16:01:09  42528 -47425   A    0.7422  0.9317  62.4N 137.4E  42  381  06m00s
00448 -22 -1817 Sep 06  23:25:42  42109 -47202   A    0.7087  0.9279  55.6N  23.3E  45  382  06m45s
00494 -21 -1799 Sep 17  06:58:25  41692 -46979   A    0.6823  0.9244  49.3N  93.2W  47  388  07m32s
00541 -20 -1781 Sep 28  14:39:03  41278 -46756   A    0.6625  0.9211  43.4N 148.1E  48  395  08m19s
00586 -19 -1763 Oct 08  22:26:39  40865 -46533   A    0.6488  0.9183  38.1N  27.5E  49  403  09m05s
00631 -18 -1745 Oct 20  06:21:00  40454 -46310   A    0.6405  0.9160  33.2N  94.8W  50  411  09m50s
00677 -17 -1727 Oct 30  14:18:33  40046 -46087   A    0.6350  0.9144  28.9N 142.0E  50  418  10m32s
00724 -16 -1709 Nov 10  22:19:39  39639 -45864   A    0.6325  0.9133  25.1N  18.0E  51  423  11m10s
00768 -15 -1691 Nov 21  06:20:30  39235 -45641   A    0.6297  0.9131  21.7N 105.9W  51  424  11m40s

00812 -14 -1673 Dec 02  14:21:47  38833 -45418   A    0.6274  0.9135  18.9N 130.1E  51  423  12m00s
00852 -13 -1655 Dec 12  22:17:54  38432 -45195   A    0.6207  0.9147  16.4N   7.5E  52  414  12m07s
00893 -12 -1637 Dec 24  06:11:25  38034 -44972   A    0.6119  0.9165  14.4N 114.4W  52  401  11m58s
00934 -11 -1618 Jan 03  13:57:11  37638 -44749   A    0.5961  0.9190  12.6N 125.9E  53  382  11m34s
00975 -10 -1600 Jan 14  21:36:47  37244 -44526   A    0.5753  0.9221  11.3N   7.9E  55  358  10m55s
01016 -09 -1582 Jan 25  05:06:22  36852 -44303   A    0.5459  0.9257  10.1N 107.3W  57  331  10m07s
01057 -08 -1564 Feb 05  12:29:02  36462 -44080   A    0.5104  0.9297   9.3N 139.6E  59  303  09m13s
01098 -07 -1546 Feb 15  19:41:55  36075 -43857   A    0.4660  0.9340   8.8N  29.3E  62  275  08m17s
01138 -06 -1528 Feb 27  02:45:44  35689 -43634   A    0.4139  0.9385   8.6N  78.4W  65  248  07m24s
01178 -05 -1510 Mar 09  09:40:57  35305 -43411   A    0.3540  0.9430   8.6N 176.4E  69  223  06m36s

01218 -04 -1492 Mar 19  16:28:54  34924 -43188   A    0.2876  0.9476   8.9N  73.4E  73  200  05m54s
01258 -03 -1474 Mar 30  23:10:04  34544 -42965   A    0.2149  0.9519   9.3N  27.6W  78  180  05m17s
01298 -02 -1456 Apr 10  05:45:20  34167 -42742   A    0.1365  0.9560   9.5N 126.9W  82  162  04m47s
01339 -01 -1438 Apr 21  12:16:55  33791 -42519   A    0.0544  0.9598   9.6N 134.9E  87  146  04m24s
01380  00 -1420 May 01  18:45:54  33418 -42296   A   -0.0302  0.9631   9.3N  37.4E  88  134  04m05s
01421  01 -1402 May 13  01:12:48  33047 -42073   Am  -0.1173  0.9660   8.3N  59.6W  83  123  03m51s
01462  02 -1384 May 23  07:40:49  32678 -41850   A   -0.2042  0.9684   6.6N 157.0W  78  116  03m41s
01504  03 -1366 Jun 03  14:10:48  32311 -41627   A   -0.2899  0.9703   4.2N 104.7E  73  111  03m35s
01546  04 -1348 Jun 13  20:45:31  31946 -41404   A   -0.3727  0.9716   1.0N   4.8E  68  109  03m31s
01589  05 -1330 Jun 25  03:24:08  31583 -41181   A   -0.4528  0.9724   3.1S  96.6W  63  110  03m29s


Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 25

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

01632  06 -1312 Jul 05  10:11:12  31222 -40958   A   -0.5266  0.9728   7.8S 159.1E  58  115  03m27s
01676  07 -1294 Jul 16  17:05:20  30863 -40735   A   -0.5951  0.9727  13.2S  52.5E  53  122  03m24s
01721  08 -1276 Jul 27  00:09:29  30506 -40512   A   -0.6565  0.9724  18.9S  57.4W  49  131  03m20s
01765  09 -1258 Aug 07  07:22:11  30152 -40289   A   -0.7115  0.9717  25.1S 170.1W  44  144  03m15s
01811  10 -1240 Aug 17  14:46:51  29799 -40066   A   -0.7576  0.9709  31.2S  73.5E  41  159  03m08s
01856  11 -1222 Aug 28  22:21:32  29449 -39843   A   -0.7961  0.9701  37.4S  45.9W  37  176  03m01s
01900  12 -1204 Sep 08  06:06:41  29100 -39620   A   -0.8269  0.9694  43.4S 168.5W  34  194  02m53s
01945  13 -1186 Sep 19  14:02:28  28754 -39397   A   -0.8498  0.9689  49.0S  65.9E  31  210  02m44s
01991  14 -1168 Sep 29  22:08:02  28410 -39174   A   -0.8658  0.9689  54.3S  62.2W  30  222  02m34s
02037  15 -1150 Oct 11  06:22:22  28067 -38951   A   -0.8750  0.9693  59.2S 167.8E  29  227  02m24s

02083  16 -1132 Oct 21  14:42:46  27727 -38728   A   -0.8802  0.9703  63.8S  36.7E  28  225  02m12s
02129  17 -1114 Nov 01  23:10:13  27389 -38505   A   -0.8802  0.9718  68.2S  94.9W  28  214  02m00s
02173  18 -1096 Nov 12  07:41:19  27053 -38282   A   -0.8784  0.9740  72.5S 134.2E  28  196  01m47s
02216  19 -1078 Nov 23  16:15:17  26719 -38059   A   -0.8749  0.9769  76.7S   6.0E  29  172  01m33s
02259  20 -1060 Dec 04  00:49:12  26387 -37836   A   -0.8723  0.9803  80.7S 116.1W  29  145  01m17s
02302  21 -1042 Dec 15  09:22:50  26058 -37613   A   -0.8709  0.9842  83.7S 137.8E  29  115  01m00s
02346  22 -1024 Dec 25  17:53:24  25730 -37390   A   -0.8728  0.9887  84.0S  51.1E  29   83  00m43s
02388  23 -1005 Jan 06  02:19:53  25404 -37167   A   -0.8789  0.9935  81.2S  49.1W  28   48  00m24s
02429  24 -0987 Jan 16  10:41:05  25081 -36944   A   -0.8905  0.9986  77.4S 163.8W  27   11  00m05s
02470  25 -0969 Jan 27  18:56:26  24759 -36721   H   -0.9078  1.0037  73.5S  77.3E  24   31  00m13s

02511  26 -0951 Feb 07  03:04:01  24440 -36498   T   -0.9323  1.0088  69.9S  40.5W  21   85  00m31s
02552  27 -0933 Feb 18  11:04:47  24123 -36275   T   -0.9632  1.0132  66.6S 154.5W  15  174  00m45s
02592  28 -0915 Feb 28  18:57:40  23807 -36052   T-  -1.0012  1.0004  61.2S 110.1E   0             
02632  29 -0897 Mar 12  02:44:40  23494 -35829   P   -1.0451  0.9213  60.9S  16.7W   0             
02672  30 -0879 Mar 22  10:22:52  23183 -35606   P   -1.0967  0.8267  60.8S 141.3W   0             
02713  31 -0861 Apr 02  17:57:00  22874 -35383   P   -1.1523  0.7235  60.7S  95.1E   0             
02753  32 -0843 Apr 13  01:24:30  22567 -35160   P   -1.2136  0.6080  60.9S  26.8W   0             
02793  33 -0825 Apr 24  08:49:55  22262 -34937   P   -1.2774  0.4868  61.2S 148.2W   0             
02834  34 -0807 May 04  16:10:16  21959 -34714   P   -1.3456  0.3560  61.6S  91.5E   0             
02875  35 -0789 May 15  23:31:19  21658 -34491   P   -1.4139  0.2244  62.2S  29.1W   0             

02916  36 -0771 May 26  06:50:24  21360 -34268   Pe  -1.4838  0.0890  62.8S 149.4W   0             


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"


Return to:

Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Periodicity of Solar Eclipses

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

2009 Sep 26