Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Saros Series 28

Introduction

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.


Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 28

Solar eclipses of Saros 28 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -1910 Mar 22. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0630 Apr 28. The total duration of Saros series 28 is 1280.14 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  -1910 Mar 22   03:40:50 TD
                       Last Eclipse =  -0630 Apr 28   04:23:58 TD

                      Duration of Saros  28  =  1280.14 Years

Saros 28 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 28
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 72100.0%
PartialP 30 41.7%
AnnularA 42 58.3%
TotalT 0 0.0%
Hybrid[3]H 0 0.0%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 28 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 28
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 42100.0%
Central (two limits) 41 97.6%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 1 2.4%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 28: 7P 42A 23P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 28 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 28
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse -1514 Nov 1409m12s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse -1081 Jul 3101m25s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse -1027 Sep 01 - 0.96145
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse -1910 Mar 22 - 0.02646

Description of the Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 28

The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 28. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.


For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 28.



Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 28

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

00213 -34 -1910 Mar 22  03:40:50  44303 -48358   Pb  -1.5388  0.0265  71.2S  61.6E   0             
00257 -33 -1892 Apr 01  10:34:53  43875 -48135   P   -1.4763  0.1369  71.5S  57.4W   0             
00302 -32 -1874 Apr 12  17:19:20  43450 -47912   P   -1.4066  0.2599  71.5S 174.2W   0             
00349 -31 -1856 Apr 22  23:58:22  43026 -47689   P   -1.3330  0.3895  71.3S  70.4E   0             
00395 -30 -1838 May 04  06:31:11  42605 -47466   P   -1.2547  0.5269  70.9S  43.1W   0             
00440 -29 -1820 May 14  13:01:43  42186 -47243   P   -1.1748  0.6667  70.3S 155.6W   0             
00486 -28 -1802 May 25  19:29:58  41769 -47020   P   -1.0933  0.8083  69.5S  93.0E   0             
00533 -27 -1784 Jun 05  01:57:48  41354 -46797   A-  -1.0116  0.9493  68.6S  17.8W   0             
00578 -26 -1766 Jun 16  08:27:00  40941 -46574   A   -0.9312  0.9509  46.9S 133.4W  21  499  05m03s
00623 -25 -1748 Jun 26  14:59:14  40530 -46351   A   -0.8533  0.9496  35.5S 121.5E  31  356  05m50s

00668 -24 -1730 Jul 07  21:35:47  40121 -46128   A   -0.7792  0.9472  27.3S  17.4E  39  310  06m33s
00715 -23 -1712 Jul 18  04:17:46  39714 -45905   A   -0.7099  0.9441  21.2S  87.0W  45  291  07m11s
00759 -22 -1694 Jul 29  11:07:04  39309 -45682   A   -0.6466  0.9407  16.9S 167.5E  50  285  07m41s
00803 -21 -1676 Aug 08  18:04:23  38906 -45459   A   -0.5900  0.9371  14.1S  60.5E  54  286  08m04s
00844 -20 -1658 Aug 20  01:09:31  38506 -45236   A   -0.5401  0.9334  12.8S  48.1W  57  291  08m21s
00885 -19 -1640 Aug 30  08:24:11  38107 -45013   A   -0.4982  0.9298  12.9S 159.0W  60  299  08m34s
00926 -18 -1622 Sep 10  15:47:27  37711 -44790   A   -0.4637  0.9263  14.1S  88.0E  62  308  08m44s
00967 -17 -1604 Sep 20  23:20:23  37317 -44567   A   -0.4370  0.9232  16.3S  27.4W  64  318  08m52s
01009 -16 -1586 Oct 02  06:59:43  36924 -44344   A   -0.4154  0.9204  19.3S 144.4W  65  327  08m59s
01050 -15 -1568 Oct 12  14:47:54  36534 -44121   A   -0.4012  0.9181  22.9S  96.4E  66  335  09m05s

01091 -14 -1550 Oct 23  22:41:00  36146 -43898   A   -0.3911  0.9164  26.9S  23.8W  67  342  09m09s
01131 -13 -1532 Nov 03  06:39:37  35760 -43675   A   -0.3854  0.9154  31.1S 145.0W  67  346  09m11s
01170 -12 -1514 Nov 14  14:39:37  35376 -43452   A   -0.3807  0.9151  35.1S  94.0E  67  348  09m12s
01210 -11 -1496 Nov 24  22:41:35  34994 -43229   A   -0.3774  0.9154  38.8S  26.8W  68  346  09m09s
01250 -10 -1478 Dec 06  06:41:47  34614 -43006   A   -0.3725  0.9165  41.8S 146.1W  68  341  09m04s
01290 -09 -1460 Dec 16  14:39:12  34236 -42783   A   -0.3653  0.9183  43.7S  96.1E  68  333  08m56s
01331 -08 -1442 Dec 27  22:31:42  33860 -42560   A   -0.3539  0.9207  44.4S  19.9W  69  321  08m46s
01372 -07 -1423 Jan 07  06:18:43  33487 -42337   A   -0.3381  0.9238  43.7S 134.4W  70  306  08m33s
01414 -06 -1405 Jan 18  13:57:34  33115 -42114   A   -0.3152  0.9274  41.4S 112.6E  71  288  08m17s
01455 -05 -1387 Jan 28  21:28:28  32746 -41891   A   -0.2853  0.9315  37.8S   0.7E  73  268  07m59s

01497 -04 -1369 Feb 09  04:50:40  32378 -41668   A   -0.2481  0.9359  32.9S 110.2W  75  246  07m38s
01539 -03 -1351 Feb 19  12:05:04  32013 -41445   A   -0.2042  0.9406  27.1S 139.8E  78  225  07m12s
01581 -02 -1333 Mar 02  19:09:14  31649 -41222   A   -0.1513  0.9454  20.3S  31.4E  81  203  06m43s
01624 -01 -1315 Mar 13  02:06:52  31288 -40999   A   -0.0924  0.9502  13.0S  76.1W  85  183  06m11s
01668  00 -1297 Mar 24  08:56:20  30929 -40776   A   -0.0260  0.9550   5.1S 178.0E  88  164  05m35s
01712  01 -1279 Apr 03  15:41:31  30572 -40553   A    0.0446  0.9596   3.0N  72.8E  87  147  04m58s
01756  02 -1261 Apr 14  22:19:22  30217 -40330   Am   0.1220  0.9638  11.5N  30.6W  83  132  04m21s
01802  03 -1243 Apr 25  04:56:05  29864 -40107   A    0.2012  0.9677  20.1N 133.7W  78  119  03m45s
01847  04 -1225 May 06  11:29:17  29513 -39884   A    0.2843  0.9711  28.7N 124.5E  73  108  03m12s
01892  05 -1207 May 16  18:03:07  29164 -39661   A    0.3675  0.9740  37.2N  23.1E  68  100  02m42s


Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 28

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

01937  06 -1189 May 28  00:37:05  28817 -39438   A    0.4515  0.9763  45.6N  77.4W  63   95  02m18s
01983  07 -1171 Jun 07  07:14:58  28473 -39215   A    0.5331  0.9782  53.5N 177.2W  58   92  01m58s
02030  08 -1153 Jun 18  13:56:56  28130 -38992   A    0.6121  0.9793  60.9N  84.5E  52   94  01m44s
02076  09 -1135 Jun 28  20:43:51  27790 -38769   A    0.6878  0.9799  67.3N  10.7W  46   99  01m34s
02121  10 -1117 Jul 10  03:38:09  27451 -38546   A    0.7583  0.9799  72.1N 101.1W  40  110  01m28s
02165  11 -1099 Jul 20  10:40:21  27115 -38323   A    0.8232  0.9795  74.3N 173.6E  34  129  01m25s
02208  12 -1081 Jul 31  17:52:04  26781 -38100   A    0.8810  0.9785  73.5N  86.9E  28  163  01m25s
02251  13 -1063 Aug 11  01:12:43  26448 -37877   A    0.9323  0.9770  70.8N   6.5W  21  230  01m27s
02294  14 -1045 Aug 22  08:44:56  26118 -37654   A    0.9753  0.9748  66.9N 105.6W  12  427  01m31s
02338  15 -1027 Sep 01  16:27:11  25790 -37431   P    1.0111  0.9614  61.3N 154.1E   0             

02380  16 -1009 Sep 13  00:19:59  25464 -37208   P    1.0391  0.9117  60.9N  25.8E   0             
02422  17 -0991 Sep 23  08:22:26  25140 -36985   P    1.0604  0.8739  60.7N 104.9W   0             
02463  18 -0973 Oct 04  16:35:00  24818 -36762   P    1.0741  0.8496  60.7N 122.0E   0             
02504  19 -0955 Oct 15  00:55:20  24499 -36539   P    1.0828  0.8345  60.8N  13.1W   0             
02545  20 -0937 Oct 26  09:22:23  24181 -36316   P    1.0869  0.8276  61.1N 149.9W   0             
02585  21 -0919 Nov 05  17:54:59  23865 -36093   P    1.0872  0.8275  61.5N  71.9E   0             
02625  22 -0901 Nov 17  02:32:05  23552 -35870   P    1.0844  0.8332  62.1N  67.7W   0             
02665  23 -0883 Nov 27  11:10:12  23240 -35647   P    1.0817  0.8389  62.8N 152.4E   0             
02706  24 -0865 Dec 08  19:49:05  22931 -35424   P    1.0789  0.8450  63.7N  12.0E   0             
02746  25 -0847 Dec 19  04:25:32  22623 -35201   P    1.0788  0.8465  64.7N 128.1W   0             

02786  26 -0829 Dec 30  13:00:21  22318 -34978   P    1.0807  0.8445  65.7N  91.8E   0             
02827  27 -0810 Jan 09  21:28:45  22015 -34755   P    1.0882  0.8324  66.8N  47.1W   0             
02868  28 -0792 Jan 21  05:53:25  21714 -34532   P    1.0995  0.8133  67.8N 174.4E   0             
02909  29 -0774 Jan 31  14:09:54  21415 -34309   P    1.1180  0.7809  68.8N  37.3E   0             
02950  30 -0756 Feb 11  22:20:51  21118 -34086   P    1.1418  0.7382  69.7N  98.9W   0             
02992  31 -0738 Feb 22  06:22:32  20823 -33863   P    1.1738  0.6798  70.5N 126.6E   0             
03036  32 -0720 Mar 04  14:18:58  20530 -33640   P    1.2107  0.6114  71.1N   7.1W   0             
03080  33 -0702 Mar 15  22:07:08  20239 -33417   P    1.2550  0.5285  71.5N 139.1W   0             
03124  34 -0684 Mar 26  05:49:17  19950 -33194   P    1.3047  0.4341  71.6N  90.2E   0             
03169  35 -0666 Apr 06  13:24:57  19664 -32971   P    1.3604  0.3276  71.5N  38.8W   0             

03214  36 -0648 Apr 16  20:56:38  19379 -32748   P    1.4199  0.2128  71.2N 166.6W   0             
03259  37 -0630 Apr 28  04:23:58  19097 -32525   Pe   1.4832  0.0901  70.7N  67.0E   0             


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"


Return to:

Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Periodicity of Solar Eclipses

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

2009 Sep 26