Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Saros Series 38

Introduction

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.


Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 38

Solar eclipses of Saros 38 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -1729 Jun 26. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0431 Aug 14. The total duration of Saros series 38 is 1298.17 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  -1729 Jun 26   22:02:21 TD
                       Last Eclipse =  -0431 Aug 14   07:45:52 TD

                      Duration of Saros  38  =  1298.17 Years

Saros 38 is composed of 73 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 38
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 73100.0%
PartialP 25 34.2%
AnnularA 8 11.0%
TotalT 38 52.1%
Hybrid[3]H 2 2.7%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 38 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 38
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 48100.0%
Central (two limits) 46 95.8%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 2 4.2%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 73 eclipses in Saros 38: 17P 8A 2H 38T 8P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 38 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 38
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse -1386 Jan 1802m35s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse -1296 Mar 1200m27s -
Longest Total Solar Eclipse -0701 Mar 0505m33s -
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse -1242 Apr 1401m29s -
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -1260 Apr 0300m48s -
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -1278 Mar 2300m09s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse -0557 May 31 - 0.93305
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse -0431 Aug 14 - 0.04325

Description of the Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 38

The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 38. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.


For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 38.



Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 38

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

00672 -35 -1729 Jun 26  22:02:21  40099 -46116   Pb  -1.5245  0.0649  66.7S  13.9E   0             
00719 -34 -1711 Jul 07  04:35:37  39692 -45893   P   -1.4482  0.1959  65.7S  96.7W   0             
00763 -33 -1693 Jul 18  11:15:43  39287 -45670   P   -1.3762  0.3192  64.7S 151.5E   0             
00807 -32 -1675 Jul 28  18:05:50  38885 -45447   P   -1.3114  0.4301  63.7S  37.5E   0             
00847 -31 -1657 Aug 09  01:05:08  38484 -45224   P   -1.2530  0.5298  62.9S  78.5W   0             
00888 -30 -1639 Aug 19  08:15:30  38086 -45001   P   -1.2026  0.6154  62.1S 163.1E   0             
00929 -29 -1621 Aug 30  15:35:02  37690 -44778   P   -1.1588  0.6897  61.5S  42.6E   0             
00970 -28 -1603 Sep 09  23:06:46  37295 -44555   P   -1.1239  0.7488  61.0S  80.8W   0             
01011 -27 -1585 Sep 21  06:47:30  36903 -44332   P   -1.0953  0.7971  60.6S 153.7E   0             
01052 -26 -1567 Oct 01  14:38:25  36513 -44109   P   -1.0743  0.8325  60.5S  25.7E   0             

01093 -25 -1549 Oct 12  22:37:05  36125 -43886   P   -1.0587  0.8589  60.5S 104.1W   0             
01133 -24 -1531 Oct 23  06:44:07  35739 -43663   P   -1.0493  0.8751  60.6S 123.9E   0             
01172 -23 -1513 Nov 03  14:55:34  35355 -43440   P   -1.0424  0.8872  61.0S   9.3W   0             
01212 -22 -1495 Nov 13  23:10:56  34973 -43217   P   -1.0379  0.8956  61.5S 143.5W   0             
01252 -21 -1477 Nov 25  07:27:52  34593 -42994   P   -1.0340  0.9033  62.2S  81.7E   0             
01292 -20 -1459 Dec 05  15:45:47  34216 -42771   P   -1.0304  0.9106  63.0S  53.5W   0             
01333 -19 -1441 Dec 17  00:00:13  33840 -42548   P   -1.0231  0.9247  63.9S 171.8E   0             
01374 -18 -1423 Dec 27  08:12:11  33467 -42325   A-  -1.0132  0.9438  64.9S  37.4E   0             
01416 -17 -1404 Jan 07  16:17:53  33095 -42102   A-  -0.9974  0.9734  66.0S  95.8W   0             
01457 -16 -1386 Jan 18  00:19:23  32726 -41879   A   -0.9773  0.9560  78.5S 128.5E  11  817  02m35s

01499 -15 -1368 Jan 29  08:11:40  32358 -41656   A   -0.9492  0.9636  83.7S  42.8W  18  432  02m15s
01541 -14 -1350 Feb 08  15:58:43  31993 -41433   A   -0.9158  0.9712  80.0S 139.2E  23  262  01m53s
01583 -13 -1332 Feb 19  23:36:23  31630 -41210   A   -0.8738  0.9789  72.3S   1.8E  29  155  01m28s
01626 -12 -1314 Mar 02  07:08:37  31269 -40987   A   -0.8263  0.9867  64.0S 122.9W  34   84  00m59s
01670 -11 -1296 Mar 12  14:32:02  30910 -40764   A   -0.7705  0.9943  55.2S 117.5E  39   31  00m27s
01714 -10 -1278 Mar 23  21:51:30  30553 -40541   H   -0.7102  1.0018  46.3S   0.6E  44    9  00m09s
01758 -09 -1260 Apr 03  05:04:17  30198 -40318   H   -0.6432  1.0088  37.4S 114.0W  50   40  00m48s
01804 -08 -1242 Apr 14  12:13:39  29845 -40095   T   -0.5722  1.0155  28.5S 132.8E  55   64  01m29s
01849 -07 -1224 Apr 24  19:19:25  29494 -39872   T   -0.4970  1.0216  19.9S  21.1E  60   84  02m09s
01894 -06 -1206 May 06  02:24:27  29145 -39649   T   -0.4199  1.0271  11.5S  89.9W  65  101  02m47s

01939 -05 -1188 May 16  09:29:05  28799 -39426   T   -0.3414  1.0319   3.5S 159.8E  70  114  03m20s
01985 -04 -1170 May 27  16:34:16  28454 -39203   T   -0.2624  1.0360   4.0N  50.0E  75  125  03m46s
02032 -03 -1152 Jun 06  23:42:32  28112 -38980   T   -0.1849  1.0392  10.8N  59.9W  79  134  04m04s
02078 -02 -1134 Jun 18  06:54:15  27771 -38757   T   -0.1092  1.0418  16.7N 169.7W  84  141  04m13s
02123 -01 -1116 Jun 28  14:10:36  27433 -38534   T   -0.0367  1.0436  21.8N  80.1E  88  146  04m16s
02167  00 -1098 Jul 09  21:33:01  27097 -38311   T    0.0316  1.0447  25.7N  30.8W  88  149  04m12s
02210  01 -1080 Jul 20  05:02:51  26763 -38088   Tm   0.0943  1.0452  28.3N 142.9W  84  151  04m05s
02253  02 -1062 Jul 31  12:41:03  26431 -37865   T    0.1509  1.0452  29.6N 103.2E  81  152  03m56s
02296  03 -1044 Aug 10  20:26:56  26101 -37642   T    0.2018  1.0447  29.8N  12.6W  78  152  03m47s
02340  04 -1026 Aug 22  04:22:51  25773 -37419   T    0.2451  1.0439  28.7N 131.2W  76  151  03m38s


Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 38

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

02382  05 -1008 Sep 01  12:27:39  25447 -37196   T    0.2814  1.0428  26.7N 107.5E  74  149  03m30s
02424  06 -0990 Sep 12  20:42:00  25123 -36973   T    0.3105  1.0417  24.0N  16.7W  72  146  03m24s
02465  07 -0972 Sep 23  05:04:16  24801 -36750   T    0.3335  1.0406  20.7N 143.5W  70  143  03m19s
02506  08 -0954 Oct 04  13:35:24  24481 -36527   T    0.3499  1.0398  17.1N  87.0E  69  141  03m17s
02547  09 -0936 Oct 14  22:13:31  24164 -36304   T    0.3609  1.0391  13.4N  44.5W  69  139  03m17s
02587  10 -0918 Oct 26  06:57:14  23848 -36081   T    0.3675  1.0389   9.7N 177.6W  68  139  03m21s
02627  11 -0900 Nov 05  15:46:05  23535 -35858   T    0.3702  1.0389   6.3N  48.0E  68  140  03m26s
02667  12 -0882 Nov 17  00:37:33  23223 -35635   T    0.3709  1.0396   3.2N  87.0W  68  142  03m35s
02708  13 -0864 Nov 27  09:30:43  22914 -35412   T    0.3706  1.0406   0.7N 137.7E  68  146  03m46s
02748  14 -0846 Dec 08  18:22:12  22607 -35189   T    0.3719  1.0423   0.9S   3.0E  68  152  04m01s

02788  15 -0828 Dec 19  03:13:05  22302 -34966   T    0.3738  1.0443   1.8S 131.5W  68  159  04m16s
02829  16 -0810 Dec 30  11:59:37  21999 -34743   T    0.3791  1.0467   1.6S  95.2E  68  168  04m33s
02870  17 -0791 Jan 09  20:41:34  21698 -34520   T    0.3888  1.0495   0.3S  37.1W  67  178  04m49s
02911  18 -0773 Jan 21  05:16:36  21398 -34297   T    0.4043  1.0525   2.1N 167.9W  66  190  05m04s
02953  19 -0755 Jan 31  13:45:31  21102 -34074   T    0.4250  1.0556   5.5N  62.5E  65  202  05m17s
02995  20 -0737 Feb 11  22:06:33  20807 -33851   T    0.4526  1.0587  10.0N  65.6W  63  216  05m27s
03039  21 -0719 Feb 22  06:19:28  20514 -33628   T    0.4868  1.0617  15.4N 167.9E  61  231  05m32s
03083  22 -0701 Mar 05  14:24:23  20223 -33405   T    0.5280  1.0643  21.7N  42.8E  58  246  05m33s
03128  23 -0683 Mar 15  22:21:36  19935 -33182   T    0.5758  1.0665  28.7N  80.7W  55  264  05m28s
03173  24 -0665 Mar 27  06:11:13  19648 -32959   T    0.6299  1.0681  36.4N 157.0E  51  284  05m18s

03218  25 -0647 Apr 06  13:53:47  19364 -32736   T    0.6898  1.0689  44.8N  35.8E  46  308  05m02s
03263  26 -0629 Apr 17  21:30:12  19081 -32513   T    0.7547  1.0689  53.8N  85.0W  41  341  04m42s
03309  27 -0611 Apr 28  05:01:51  18801 -32290   T    0.8234  1.0678  63.6N 152.8E  34  390  04m16s
03356  28 -0593 May 09  12:28:16  18523 -32067   T    0.8961  1.0653  73.9N  22.3E  26  487  03m45s
03403  29 -0575 May 19  19:52:45  18247 -31844   T    0.9700  1.0606  79.3N 160.2W  13  865  03m06s
03450  30 -0557 May 31  03:14:30  17973 -31621   P    1.0459  0.9331  68.4N  41.6E   0             
03495  31 -0539 Jun 10  10:37:25  17701 -31398   P    1.1203  0.7889  67.4N  81.5W   0             
03540  32 -0521 Jun 21  17:58:59  17431 -31175   P    1.1951  0.6444  66.4N 156.2E   0             
03585  33 -0503 Jul 02  01:24:31  17163 -30952   P    1.2662  0.5077  65.4N  33.3E   0             
03630  34 -0485 Jul 13  08:51:40  16849 -30729   P    1.3356  0.3754  64.5N  89.8W   0             

03673  35 -0467 Jul 23  16:24:32  16537 -30506   P    1.3997  0.2544  63.6N 146.1E   0             
03717  36 -0449 Aug 04  00:01:15  16234 -30283   P    1.4601  0.1417  62.8N  21.2E   0             
03761  37 -0431 Aug 14  07:45:52  15939 -30060   Pe   1.5136  0.0432  62.1N 105.3W   0             


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"


Return to:

Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Periodicity of Solar Eclipses

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

2009 Sep 26