Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Saros Series 94

Introduction

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.


Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 94

Solar eclipses of Saros 94 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0018 Jul 09. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1262 Aug 16. The total duration of Saros series 94 is 1280.14 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  -0018 Jul 09   13:12:23 TD
                       Last Eclipse =   1262 Aug 16   13:38:60 TD

                      Duration of Saros  94  =  1280.14 Years

Saros 94 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 94
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 72100.0%
PartialP 28 38.9%
AnnularA 24 33.3%
TotalT 18 25.0%
Hybrid[3]H 2 2.8%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 94 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 94
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 44100.0%
Central (two limits) 44100.0%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 0 0.0%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 94: 21P 18T 2H 24A 7P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 94 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 94
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse 0920 Jan 2405m12s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse 0721 Sep 2600m07s -
Longest Total Solar Eclipse 0523 May 3005m25s -
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse 0667 Aug 2501m40s -
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse 0685 Sep 0401m04s -
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse 0703 Sep 1500m29s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse 0343 Feb 11 - 0.99090
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse 1262 Aug 16 - 0.02541

Description of the Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 94

The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 94. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.


For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 94.



Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 94

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

04727 -37 -0018 Jul 09  13:12:23  10712 -24953   Pb  -1.4930  0.0727  64.5S   0.4W   0             
04773 -36  0000 Jul 19  20:44:11  10529 -24730   P   -1.4254  0.2024  63.6S 123.8W   0             
04819 -35  0018 Jul 31  04:23:15  10348 -24507   P   -1.3632  0.3220  62.8S 111.3E   0             
04865 -34  0036 Aug 10  12:08:25  10169 -24284   P   -1.3057  0.4325  62.2S  15.0W   0             
04910 -33  0054 Aug 21  20:02:32   9992 -24061   P   -1.2550  0.5296  61.6S 143.2W   0             
04954 -32  0072 Sep 01  04:03:21   9816 -23838   P   -1.2096  0.6162  61.2S  87.0E   0             
04998 -31  0090 Sep 12  12:14:01   9642 -23615   P   -1.1718  0.6879  60.9S  45.1W   0             
05043 -30  0108 Sep 22  20:32:21   9469 -23392   P   -1.1403  0.7476  60.8S 179.1W   0             
05087 -29  0126 Oct 04  04:59:04   9296 -23169   P   -1.1156  0.7938  60.8S  44.8E   0             
05131 -28  0144 Oct 14  13:32:59   9125 -22946   P   -1.0968  0.8287  61.1S  93.1W   0             

05173 -27  0162 Oct 25  22:13:52   8953 -22723   P   -1.0839  0.8525  61.5S 127.2E   0             
05214 -26  0180 Nov 05  07:00:07   8782 -22500   P   -1.0755  0.8678  62.0S  14.0W   0             
05255 -25  0198 Nov 16  15:49:37   8612 -22277   P   -1.0699  0.8779  62.7S 156.2W   0             
05296 -24  0216 Nov 27  00:42:30   8440 -22054   P   -1.0674  0.8823  63.6S  60.6E   0             
05337 -23  0234 Dec 08  09:36:15   8269 -21831   P   -1.0662  0.8843  64.5S  83.2W   0             
05378 -22  0252 Dec 18  18:29:19   8097 -21608   P   -1.0645  0.8874  65.5S 132.8E   0             
05419 -21  0270 Dec 30  03:19:31   7925 -21385   P   -1.0610  0.8943  66.6S  10.9W   0             
05459 -20  0289 Jan 09  12:06:27   7752 -21162   P   -1.0551  0.9057  67.7S 154.3W   0             
05499 -19  0307 Jan 20  20:48:20   7578 -20939   P   -1.0455  0.9243  68.7S  63.0E   0             
05538 -18  0325 Jan 31  05:23:25   7403 -20716   P   -1.0308  0.9526  69.7S  78.6W   0             

05578 -17  0343 Feb 11  13:51:49   7227 -20493   P   -1.0110  0.9909  70.5S 140.8E   0             
05618 -16  0361 Feb 21  22:12:14   7051 -20270   T   -0.9850  1.0395  74.3S  26.7W   9  853  02m07s
05659 -15  0379 Mar 05  06:24:24   6873 -20047   T   -0.9524  1.0438  69.7S 170.8E  17  491  02m35s
05700 -14  0397 Mar 15  14:27:52   6696 -19824   T   -0.9131  1.0473  62.1S  30.3E  24  388  03m02s
05741 -13  0415 Mar 26  22:23:20   6517 -19601   T   -0.8676  1.0503  53.7S 100.5W  29  334  03m31s
05782 -12  0433 Apr 06  06:11:16   6339 -19378   T   -0.8163  1.0527  45.3S 133.9E  35  300  03m59s
05822 -11  0451 Apr 17  13:50:39   6161 -19155   T   -0.7582  1.0545  36.8S  12.3E  40  274  04m27s
05864 -10  0469 Apr 27  21:24:18   5983 -18932   T   -0.6958  1.0555  28.7S 106.7W  46  254  04m52s
05907 -09  0487 May 09  04:51:29   5806 -18709   T   -0.6283  1.0559  20.9S 136.9E  51  236  05m11s
05951 -08  0505 May 19  12:15:05   5630 -18486   T   -0.5585  1.0553  13.7S  22.1E  56  220  05m23s

05995 -07  0523 May 30  19:33:08   5453 -18263   T   -0.4847  1.0541   6.9S  90.5W  61  204  05m25s
06040 -06  0541 Jun 10  02:50:29   5277 -18040   T   -0.4108  1.0519   1.0S 157.9E  66  188  05m17s
06087 -05  0559 Jun 21  10:05:31   5103 -17817   T   -0.3354  1.0490   4.1N  47.6E  70  173  04m59s
06133 -04  0577 Jul 01  17:21:52   4930 -17594   T   -0.2618  1.0453   8.3N  62.4W  75  156  04m33s
06179 -03  0595 Jul 13  00:38:24   4758 -17371   T   -0.1891  1.0409  11.4N 171.9W  79  139  04m02s
06224 -02  0613 Jul 23  07:59:27   4587 -17148   T   -0.1207  1.0358  13.4N  78.0E  83  121  03m28s
06269 -01  0631 Aug 03  15:23:41   4418 -16925   Tm  -0.0557  1.0303  14.3N  32.8W  87  102  02m52s
06314  00  0649 Aug 13  22:52:54   4251 -16702   T    0.0045  1.0243  14.2N 144.8W  90   83  02m16s
06361  01  0667 Aug 25  06:27:37   4085 -16479   T    0.0594  1.0180  13.3N 101.8E  87   62  01m40s
06406  02  0685 Sep 04  14:09:25   3922 -16256   H    0.1074  1.0116  11.6N  13.7W  84   40  01m04s


Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 94

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

06450  03  0703 Sep 15  21:57:57   3760 -16033   H    0.1492  1.0052   9.4N 131.1W  81   18  00m29s
06493  04  0721 Sep 26  05:53:18   3600 -15810   A    0.1845  0.9988   6.8N 109.5E  79    4  00m07s
06535  05  0739 Oct 07  13:55:43   3443 -15587   A    0.2131  0.9926   4.1N  11.9W  78   26  00m43s
06577  06  0757 Oct 17  22:05:15   3289 -15364   A    0.2349  0.9868   1.3N 135.1W  76   48  01m20s
06618  07  0775 Oct 29  06:19:41   3137 -15141   A    0.2517  0.9814   1.3S 100.4E  75   68  01m57s
06660  08  0793 Nov 08  14:39:47   2988 -14918   A    0.2631  0.9765   3.7S  25.5W  75   87  02m34s
06701  09  0811 Nov 19  23:02:52   2843 -14695   A    0.2710  0.9722   5.6S 152.0W  74  103  03m10s
06742  10  0829 Nov 30  07:29:09   2701 -14472   A    0.2757  0.9685   6.9S  80.8E  74  118  03m43s
06781  11  0847 Dec 11  15:54:14   2563 -14249   A    0.2806  0.9654   7.4S  46.0W  74  130  04m13s
06821  12  0865 Dec 22  00:20:03   2429 -14026   A    0.2840  0.9629   7.1S 173.0W  74  140  04m37s

06861  13  0884 Jan 02  08:42:03   2298 -13803   A    0.2896  0.9610   5.8S  60.9E  73  148  04m55s
06901  14  0902 Jan 12  17:00:22   2172 -13580   A    0.2978  0.9597   3.6S  64.5W  73  153  05m06s
06941  15  0920 Jan 24  01:11:14   2050 -13357   A    0.3115  0.9587   0.3S 171.6E  72  158  05m12s
06982  16  0938 Feb 03  09:16:04   1932 -13134   A    0.3294  0.9583   3.8N  48.9E  71  160  05m11s
07023  17  0956 Feb 14  17:11:45   1819 -12911   A    0.3540  0.9580   8.8N  71.8W  69  163  05m06s
07064  18  0974 Feb 25  00:57:51   1710 -12688   A    0.3857  0.9580  14.6N 169.4E  67  165  04m58s
07106  19  0992 Mar 07  08:33:56   1606 -12465   A    0.4248  0.9580  21.0N  52.9E  65  168  04m48s
07148  20  1010 Mar 18  16:00:00   1507 -12242   A    0.4716  0.9581  28.1N  61.4W  62  172  04m36s
07190  21  1028 Mar 28  23:15:25   1412 -12019   A    0.5262  0.9579  35.8N 173.3W  58  179  04m24s
07232  22  1046 Apr 09  06:20:59   1321 -11796   A    0.5880  0.9576  44.0N  77.2E  54  190  04m11s

07276  23  1064 Apr 19  13:17:27   1236 -11573   A    0.6564  0.9568  52.8N  30.1W  49  208  03m58s
07320  24  1082 Apr 30  20:06:15   1155 -11350   A    0.7301  0.9556  62.1N 135.6W  43  238  03m46s
07365  25  1100 May 11  02:46:35   1078 -11127   A    0.8100  0.9537  72.4N 119.9E  36  291  03m36s
07410  26  1118 May 22  09:22:22   1006 -10904   A    0.8927  0.9508  83.9N   5.6E  26  406  03m27s
07455  27  1136 Jun 01  15:52:58    937 -10681   A    0.9790  0.9459  78.0N 124.5E  11 1063  03m18s
07500  28  1154 Jun 12  22:21:53    874 -10458   P    1.0656  0.8530  66.1N  16.7E   0             
07545  29  1172 Jun 23  04:47:38    813 -10235   P    1.1539  0.7004  65.1N  90.0W   0             
07591  30  1190 Jul 04  11:15:38    757 -10012   P    1.2397  0.5528  64.2N 163.0E   0             
07636  31  1208 Jul 14  17:44:19    705  -9789   P    1.3243  0.4078  63.3N  56.2E   0             
07682  32  1226 Jul 26  00:17:26    655  -9566   P    1.4044  0.2713  62.6N  51.5W   0             

07727  33  1244 Aug 05  06:54:20    609  -9343   P    1.4807  0.1421  62.0N 160.0W   0             
07771  34  1262 Aug 16  13:39:00    567  -9120   Pe   1.5501  0.0254  61.5N  89.8E   0             


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"


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Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Periodicity of Solar Eclipses

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

2009 Sep 26