The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 98 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0188 Jun 12. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1450 Jul 09. The total duration of Saros series 98 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0188 Jun 12 15:45:40 TD Last Eclipse = 1450 Jul 09 06:51:32 TD Duration of Saros 98 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 98 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 98 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 17 | 23.9% |
| Annular | A | 54 | 76.1% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 98 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 98 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 54 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 52 | 96.3% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.9% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.9% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 98: 9P 54A 8P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 98 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 98 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 1071 Nov 24 | 07m51s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 1306 Apr 13 | 00m47s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1324 Apr 24 | - | 0.92724 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 0188 Jun 12 | - | 0.02720 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 98. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 98.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
05232 -35 0188 Jun 12 15:45:40 8710 -22406 Pb -1.5291 0.0272 66.7S 23.7W 0
05273 -34 0206 Jun 23 22:44:50 8539 -22183 P -1.4594 0.1560 65.7S 139.8W 0
05314 -33 0224 Jul 04 05:42:31 8368 -21960 P -1.3891 0.2851 64.8S 105.0E 0
05355 -32 0242 Jul 15 12:43:49 8197 -21737 P -1.3222 0.4067 63.9S 10.9W 0
05396 -31 0260 Jul 25 19:47:10 8025 -21514 P -1.2572 0.5236 63.1S 126.9W 0
05436 -30 0278 Aug 06 02:55:27 7852 -21291 P -1.1970 0.6308 62.3S 116.1E 0
05476 -29 0296 Aug 16 10:08:36 7678 -21068 P -1.1412 0.7288 61.7S 1.9W 0
05515 -28 0314 Aug 27 17:29:13 7504 -20845 P -1.0922 0.8136 61.3S 121.7W 0
05555 -27 0332 Sep 07 00:56:45 7329 -20622 P -1.0491 0.8869 60.9S 117.0E 0
05595 -26 0350 Sep 18 08:30:51 7153 -20399 A- -1.0119 0.9493 60.8S 6.0W 0
05635 -25 0368 Sep 28 16:13:03 6976 -20176 As -0.9818 0.9459 60.2S 110.3W 10 - 03m47s
05676 -24 0386 Oct 10 00:02:21 6798 -19953 A -0.9583 0.9422 60.9S 135.8E 16 751 04m06s
05717 -23 0404 Oct 20 07:58:52 6620 -19730 A -0.9410 0.9382 63.1S 15.7E 19 678 04m23s
05758 -22 0422 Oct 31 16:00:07 6442 -19507 A -0.9282 0.9344 66.1S 107.0W 21 659 04m37s
05799 -21 0440 Nov 11 00:07:01 6264 -19284 A -0.9205 0.9309 69.7S 127.6E 23 665 04m49s
05840 -20 0458 Nov 22 08:16:28 6086 -19061 A -0.9155 0.9280 73.8S 1.2E 23 679 05m00s
05883 -19 0476 Dec 02 16:27:33 5908 -18838 A -0.9125 0.9256 78.0S 125.5W 24 694 05m09s
05926 -18 0494 Dec 14 00:37:53 5732 -18615 A -0.9095 0.9239 82.5S 110.7E 24 703 05m17s
05970 -17 0512 Dec 24 08:46:57 5555 -18392 A -0.9062 0.9228 86.7S 2.2E 25 702 05m24s
06015 -16 0531 Jan 04 16:51:18 5378 -18169 A -0.8996 0.9225 86.9S 25.1W 25 682 05m32s
06060 -15 0549 Jan 15 00:50:28 5203 -17946 A -0.8891 0.9228 82.1S 127.7W 27 646 05m40s
06106 -14 0567 Jan 26 08:42:29 5030 -17723 A -0.8734 0.9238 76.4S 112.3E 29 596 05m50s
06152 -13 0585 Feb 05 16:27:40 4857 -17500 A -0.8529 0.9253 70.2S 8.9W 31 541 06m01s
06197 -12 0603 Feb 17 00:02:03 4686 -17277 A -0.8236 0.9274 63.4S 128.4W 34 481 06m13s
06242 -11 0621 Feb 27 07:28:15 4516 -17054 A -0.7879 0.9297 56.1S 114.2E 38 426 06m27s
06287 -10 0639 Mar 10 14:43:34 4348 -16831 A -0.7434 0.9323 48.3S 0.3W 42 375 06m42s
06333 -09 0657 Mar 20 21:51:04 4181 -16608 A -0.6929 0.9350 40.4S 112.4W 46 332 06m56s
06379 -08 0675 Apr 01 04:46:39 4016 -16385 A -0.6326 0.9377 32.1S 138.6E 51 296 07m10s
06424 -07 0693 Apr 11 11:36:01 3853 -16162 A -0.5674 0.9403 23.9S 31.8E 55 266 07m21s
06468 -06 0711 Apr 22 18:15:28 3692 -15939 A -0.4937 0.9427 15.6S 72.2W 60 242 07m29s
06511 -05 0729 May 03 00:49:47 3534 -15716 A -0.4160 0.9448 7.7S 174.3W 65 223 07m31s
06553 -04 0747 May 14 07:16:41 3378 -15493 A -0.3320 0.9466 0.1N 86.1E 71 208 07m27s
06595 -03 0765 May 24 13:41:46 3224 -15270 A -0.2465 0.9480 7.3N 12.3W 76 197 07m17s
06636 -02 0783 Jun 04 20:03:18 3074 -15047 A -0.1578 0.9489 13.9N 109.0W 81 190 07m01s
06677 -01 0801 Jun 15 02:24:30 2927 -14824 A -0.0686 0.9495 19.8N 155.3E 86 186 06m41s
06718 00 0819 Jun 26 08:46:33 2783 -14601 Am 0.0201 0.9495 24.7N 60.3E 89 185 06m22s
06758 01 0837 Jul 06 15:11:47 2642 -14378 A 0.1066 0.9491 28.5N 34.6W 84 188 06m05s
06798 02 0855 Jul 17 21:41:01 2506 -14155 A 0.1899 0.9484 31.2N 130.0W 79 193 05m52s
06838 03 0873 Jul 28 04:15:40 2373 -13932 A 0.2692 0.9473 32.8N 133.6E 74 201 05m44s
06878 04 0891 Aug 08 10:57:55 2244 -13709 A 0.3427 0.9458 33.4N 35.3E 70 211 05m42s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
06918 05 0909 Aug 18 17:48:28 2120 -13486 A 0.4100 0.9442 33.1N 65.4W 66 224 05m44s
06958 06 0927 Aug 30 00:47:33 2000 -13263 A 0.4706 0.9425 32.2N 168.8W 62 238 05m51s
07000 07 0945 Sep 09 07:56:57 1884 -13040 A 0.5232 0.9407 30.8N 84.6E 58 253 06m03s
07041 08 0963 Sep 20 15:16:29 1773 -12817 A 0.5678 0.9391 29.1N 25.3W 55 269 06m18s
07081 09 0981 Sep 30 22:46:30 1666 -12594 A 0.6044 0.9376 27.4N 138.5W 53 284 06m35s
07123 10 0999 Oct 12 06:24:46 1564 -12371 A 0.6349 0.9364 25.7N 105.8E 50 299 06m55s
07165 11 1017 Oct 22 14:13:22 1466 -12148 A 0.6573 0.9356 24.1N 13.1W 49 311 07m14s
07207 12 1035 Nov 02 22:09:33 1373 -11925 A 0.6737 0.9352 22.7N 134.1W 47 320 07m32s
07250 13 1053 Nov 13 06:13:19 1285 -11702 A 0.6846 0.9355 21.6N 102.7E 47 324 07m44s
07293 14 1071 Nov 24 14:21:36 1201 -11479 A 0.6922 0.9362 20.8N 21.8W 46 325 07m51s
07337 15 1089 Dec 04 22:34:53 1122 -11256 A 0.6963 0.9378 20.5N 147.6W 46 321 07m48s
07383 16 1107 Dec 16 06:49:58 1047 -11033 A 0.6995 0.9398 20.8N 86.1E 45 312 07m35s
07429 17 1125 Dec 26 15:05:32 976 -10810 A 0.7027 0.9426 21.8N 40.3W 45 298 07m10s
07474 18 1144 Jan 06 23:19:57 910 -10587 A 0.7075 0.9459 23.5N 166.6W 45 282 06m36s
07519 19 1162 Jan 17 07:31:48 848 -10364 A 0.7150 0.9499 26.1N 67.7E 44 262 05m54s
07565 20 1180 Jan 28 15:39:21 789 -10141 A 0.7267 0.9542 29.5N 57.2W 43 242 05m08s
07610 21 1198 Feb 07 23:41:19 735 -9918 A 0.7437 0.9590 33.9N 178.9E 42 221 04m20s
07655 22 1216 Feb 19 07:37:26 683 -9695 A 0.7663 0.9641 39.1N 56.0E 40 200 03m33s
07701 23 1234 Mar 01 15:27:01 636 -9472 A 0.7947 0.9693 45.2N 66.0W 37 180 02m49s
07746 24 1252 Mar 11 23:08:36 591 -9249 A 0.8306 0.9745 52.2N 172.8E 34 163 02m09s
07790 25 1270 Mar 23 06:43:33 549 -9026 A 0.8726 0.9795 60.0N 50.7E 29 149 01m35s
07833 26 1288 Apr 02 14:11:28 510 -8803 A 0.9211 0.9840 68.5N 76.4W 22 147 01m07s
07875 27 1306 Apr 13 21:34:09 474 -8580 A 0.9745 0.9872 75.5N 130.6E 12 214 00m47s
07917 28 1324 Apr 24 04:49:54 440 -8357 P 1.0343 0.9272 70.3N 31.7W 0
07958 29 1342 May 05 12:02:39 408 -8134 P 1.0972 0.8150 69.4N 152.3W 0
07999 30 1360 May 15 19:11:02 378 -7911 P 1.1647 0.6932 68.5N 88.7E 0
08040 31 1378 May 27 02:18:09 350 -7688 P 1.2336 0.5674 67.5N 29.3W 0
08081 32 1396 Jun 06 09:23:32 323 -7465 P 1.3046 0.4365 66.5N 146.5W 0
08121 33 1414 Jun 17 16:30:43 298 -7242 P 1.3749 0.3061 65.5N 96.4E 0
08161 34 1432 Jun 27 23:39:43 274 -7019 P 1.4445 0.1760 64.6N 20.9W 0
08201 35 1450 Jul 09 06:51:32 251 -6796 Pe 1.5125 0.0484 63.8N 138.5W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
