The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 99 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 0235 Jun 03. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1515 Jul 11. The total duration of Saros series 99 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0235 Jun 03 07:49:57 TD Last Eclipse = 1515 Jul 11 13:36:52 TD Duration of Saros 99 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 99 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 99 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 20.8% |
| Annular | A | 18 | 25.0% |
| Total | T | 37 | 51.4% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.8% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 99 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 99 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 57 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 56 | 98.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 99: 7P 18A 2H 37T 8P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 99 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 99 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 0505 Nov 11 | 04m39s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 0668 Feb 18 | 00m23s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 0920 Jul 18 | 05m59s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 0722 Mar 21 | 01m23s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 0704 Mar 10 | 00m49s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 0686 Feb 28 | 00m14s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1389 Apr 26 | - | 0.99439 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1515 Jul 11 | - | 0.01529 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 99. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 99.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
05339 -35 0235 Jun 03 07:49:57 8264 -21825 Pb 1.5417 0.0318 64.0N 51.6W 0
05380 -34 0253 Jun 13 14:16:07 8093 -21602 P 1.4545 0.1817 64.9N 158.5W 0
05421 -33 0271 Jun 24 20:44:32 7920 -21379 P 1.3681 0.3308 65.9N 93.6E 0
05461 -32 0289 Jul 05 03:18:00 7747 -21156 P 1.2845 0.4754 66.9N 16.0W 0
05500 -31 0307 Jul 16 09:55:38 7573 -20933 P 1.2031 0.6164 67.9N 127.0W 0
05539 -30 0325 Jul 26 16:41:44 7398 -20710 P 1.1276 0.7472 68.9N 119.3E 0
05579 -29 0343 Aug 06 23:35:10 7222 -20487 P 1.0571 0.8695 69.8N 3.1E 0
05619 -28 0361 Aug 17 06:38:48 7046 -20264 An 0.9936 0.9481 73.8N 128.0W 5 - 03m12s
05660 -27 0379 Aug 28 13:51:24 6869 -20041 A 0.9364 0.9517 71.7N 55.2E 20 511 03m28s
05701 -26 0397 Sep 07 21:15:23 6691 -19818 A 0.8876 0.9531 63.2N 76.1W 27 372 03m43s
05742 -25 0415 Sep 19 04:49:16 6513 -19595 A 0.8460 0.9539 55.3N 160.3E 32 314 03m58s
05783 -24 0433 Sep 29 12:33:08 6334 -19372 A 0.8118 0.9546 48.3N 37.5E 35 281 04m11s
05823 -23 0451 Oct 10 20:27:02 6156 -19149 A 0.7850 0.9551 42.2N 86.3W 38 262 04m24s
05865 -22 0469 Oct 21 04:30:00 5978 -18926 A 0.7646 0.9559 36.9N 148.4E 40 247 04m33s
05908 -21 0487 Nov 01 12:41:08 5801 -18703 A 0.7505 0.9568 32.6N 21.6E 41 236 04m39s
05952 -20 0505 Nov 11 20:57:42 5625 -18480 A 0.7399 0.9582 29.0N 106.2W 42 225 04m39s
05996 -19 0523 Nov 23 05:20:29 5448 -18257 A 0.7339 0.9601 26.3N 124.6E 43 213 04m33s
06041 -18 0541 Dec 03 13:45:53 5272 -18034 A 0.7288 0.9625 24.3N 5.0W 43 199 04m19s
06088 -17 0559 Dec 14 22:13:23 5098 -17811 A 0.7250 0.9655 23.0N 135.1W 43 181 03m58s
06134 -16 0577 Dec 25 06:39:51 4925 -17588 A 0.7194 0.9691 22.2N 95.2E 44 160 03m30s
06180 -15 0596 Jan 05 15:05:31 4753 -17365 A 0.7123 0.9733 22.0N 34.2W 44 135 02m56s
06225 -14 0614 Jan 15 23:27:23 4583 -17142 A 0.7011 0.9782 22.2N 162.5W 45 108 02m19s
06270 -13 0632 Jan 27 07:45:01 4414 -16919 A 0.6856 0.9836 22.7N 70.5E 47 78 01m40s
06315 -12 0650 Feb 06 15:56:44 4247 -16696 A 0.6641 0.9896 23.5N 54.7W 48 48 01m01s
06362 -11 0668 Feb 18 00:02:44 4081 -16473 A 0.6371 0.9959 24.5N 178.1W 50 18 00m23s
06407 -10 0686 Feb 28 08:00:49 3917 -16250 H 0.6026 1.0026 25.7N 61.0E 53 11 00m14s
06451 -09 0704 Mar 10 15:52:29 3755 -16027 H 0.5619 1.0093 27.1N 57.8W 56 38 00m49s
06494 -08 0722 Mar 21 23:36:39 3596 -15804 T 0.5141 1.0162 28.5N 174.2W 59 64 01m23s
06536 -07 0740 Apr 01 07:15:31 3439 -15581 T 0.4609 1.0229 29.8N 71.4E 62 87 01m55s
06578 -06 0758 Apr 12 14:46:19 3284 -15358 T 0.4002 1.0295 30.8N 40.4W 66 108 02m27s
06619 -05 0776 Apr 22 22:13:29 3133 -15135 T 0.3357 1.0356 31.4N 150.8W 70 127 02m58s
06661 -04 0794 May 04 05:34:59 2984 -14912 T 0.2658 1.0413 31.2N 100.6E 74 143 03m30s
06702 -03 0812 May 14 12:55:16 2839 -14689 T 0.1939 1.0464 30.3N 7.6W 79 157 04m00s
06743 -02 0830 May 25 20:11:21 2697 -14466 T 0.1178 1.0508 28.4N 114.9W 83 170 04m31s
06782 -01 0848 Jun 05 03:29:17 2559 -14243 T 0.0424 1.0545 25.6N 137.0E 87 180 04m59s
06822 00 0866 Jun 16 10:46:25 2425 -14020 T -0.0341 1.0574 21.8N 28.4E 88 189 05m24s
06862 01 0884 Jun 26 18:06:43 2295 -13797 Tm -0.1087 1.0596 17.2N 81.6W 84 197 05m43s
06902 02 0902 Jul 08 01:28:49 2169 -13574 T -0.1825 1.0609 11.7N 167.1E 80 203 05m55s
06942 03 0920 Jul 18 08:56:43 2047 -13351 T -0.2519 1.0615 5.8N 53.7E 75 209 05m59s
06983 04 0938 Jul 29 16:29:29 1929 -13128 T -0.3177 1.0614 0.5S 61.5W 71 212 05m55s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
07024 05 0956 Aug 09 00:08:26 1816 -12905 T -0.3787 1.0607 7.2S 178.7W 68 215 05m43s
07065 06 0974 Aug 20 07:54:38 1707 -12682 T -0.4339 1.0594 13.9S 61.9E 64 216 05m25s
07107 07 0992 Aug 30 15:48:52 1603 -12459 T -0.4826 1.0577 20.7S 59.7W 61 216 05m04s
07149 08 1010 Sep 10 23:51:11 1504 -12236 T -0.5251 1.0557 27.5S 176.7E 58 215 04m42s
07191 09 1028 Sep 21 08:01:19 1409 -12013 T -0.5611 1.0535 34.0S 51.3E 56 212 04m19s
07233 10 1046 Oct 02 16:19:55 1319 -11790 T -0.5904 1.0512 40.3S 75.8W 54 209 03m58s
07277 11 1064 Oct 13 00:46:25 1234 -11567 T -0.6133 1.0490 46.2S 156.0E 52 205 03m40s
07321 12 1082 Oct 24 09:19:34 1153 -11344 T -0.6308 1.0470 51.7S 27.3E 51 201 03m24s
07366 13 1100 Nov 03 17:59:41 1076 -11121 T -0.6430 1.0453 56.5S 101.5W 50 197 03m11s
07411 14 1118 Nov 15 02:45:13 1004 -10898 T -0.6511 1.0439 60.4S 130.5E 49 194 03m01s
07456 15 1136 Nov 25 11:35:06 936 -10675 T -0.6557 1.0430 63.3S 4.0E 49 191 02m54s
07501 16 1154 Dec 06 20:26:36 872 -10452 T -0.6593 1.0425 64.8S 121.0W 48 190 02m50s
07546 17 1172 Dec 17 05:20:06 812 -10229 T -0.6615 1.0426 64.6S 114.3E 48 190 02m49s
07592 18 1190 Dec 28 14:12:58 756 -10006 T -0.6648 1.0430 63.1S 11.2W 48 193 02m50s
07638 19 1209 Jan 07 23:03:30 703 -9783 T -0.6701 1.0439 60.6S 137.9W 48 197 02m54s
07684 20 1227 Jan 19 07:50:13 654 -9560 T -0.6788 1.0450 57.4S 94.3E 47 204 02m59s
07729 21 1245 Jan 29 16:32:07 608 -9337 T -0.6916 1.0465 54.0S 33.8W 46 213 03m05s
07773 22 1263 Feb 10 01:08:09 565 -9114 T -0.7093 1.0480 50.7S 161.5W 45 224 03m13s
07816 23 1281 Feb 20 09:36:20 525 -8891 T -0.7337 1.0496 47.8S 72.1E 43 239 03m22s
07859 24 1299 Mar 03 17:57:31 488 -8668 T -0.7639 1.0510 45.5S 53.0W 40 257 03m30s
07901 25 1317 Mar 14 02:10:14 453 -8445 T -0.8008 1.0522 44.2S 175.9W 37 283 03m37s
07942 26 1335 Mar 25 10:14:54 420 -8222 T -0.8444 1.0528 44.2S 63.3E 32 319 03m42s
07983 27 1353 Apr 04 18:11:06 389 -7999 T -0.8949 1.0527 46.0S 54.7W 26 383 03m41s
08024 28 1371 Apr 16 02:00:13 360 -7776 T -0.9508 1.0512 50.7S 168.9W 18 545 03m30s
08065 29 1389 Apr 26 09:42:22 333 -7553 P -1.0124 0.9944 62.2S 91.5E 0
08105 30 1407 May 07 17:17:22 307 -7330 P -1.0794 0.8660 62.9S 31.5W 0
08145 31 1425 May 18 00:47:36 283 -7107 P -1.1498 0.7309 63.7S 153.5W 0
08185 32 1443 May 29 08:13:09 260 -6884 P -1.2234 0.5897 64.6S 85.3E 0
08225 33 1461 Jun 08 15:36:19 238 -6661 P -1.2986 0.4459 65.5S 35.5W 0
08265 34 1479 Jun 19 22:56:07 218 -6438 P -1.3756 0.2991 66.5S 155.9W 0
08305 35 1497 Jun 30 06:16:37 198 -6215 P -1.4514 0.1556 67.5S 83.1E 0
08347 36 1515 Jul 11 13:36:52 180 -5992 Pe -1.5262 0.0153 68.5S 38.2W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
