Annular Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 09m 00s

0001 to 1000 ( 1 CE to 1000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 0001 to 1000

During the 10 century period 0001 to 1000 ( 1 CE to 1000 CE[2]), Earth experienced 2351 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 0001 - 1000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2351100.0%
PartialP 816 34.7%
AnnularA 809 34.4%
TotalT 652 27.7%
HybridH 74 3.1%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 10th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1461100.0%
Central (two limits) 1420 97.2%
Central (one limit) 19 1.3%
Non-Central (one limit) 22 1.5%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 809100.0%
Central (two limits) 777 96.0%
Central (one limit) 15 1.9%
Non-Central (one limit) 17 2.1%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 652100.0%
Central (two limits) 643 98.6%
Central (one limit) 4 0.6%
Non-Central (one limit) 5 0.8%

Long Annular Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    0363 Jun 27      Duration = 07m24s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    0150 Dec 07      Duration = 12m23s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    0508 Sep 11      Duration = 01m45s

Long Annular Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Annular Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 09m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 0001 to 1000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

04924  0060 Oct 13  09:05:51   9843 -23985   83   A    0.6134  0.9196  28.9N  93.3E  52 199  381  09m47s
04968  0078 Oct 24  16:51:28   9665 -23762   83   A    0.5957  0.9175  24.0N  26.2W  53 196  386  10m35s
05013  0096 Nov 04  00:44:00   9489 -23539   83   A    0.5836  0.9159  19.8N 147.1W  54 193  392  11m18s
05058  0114 Nov 15  08:41:03   9313 -23316   83   A    0.5746  0.9149  16.3N  91.1E  55 189  395  11m53s
05102  0132 Nov 25  16:42:02   9139 -23093   83   A    0.5691  0.9144  13.6N  31.5W  55 185  396  12m16s
05146  0150 Dec 07  00:43:01   8965 -22870   83   A    0.5630  0.9147  11.6N 154.0W  56 181  393  12m23s
05188  0168 Dec 17  08:45:18   8792 -22647   83   A    0.5579  0.9156  10.3N  83.3E  56 176  387  12m14s
05228  0186 Dec 28  16:44:33   8620 -22424   83   A    0.5496  0.9173   9.6N  38.6W  57 172  375  11m49s
05269  0205 Jan 08  00:40:31   8449 -22201   83   A    0.5386  0.9196   9.4N 159.5W  57 167  359  11m09s
05310  0223 Jan 19  08:29:58   8278 -21978   83   A    0.5218  0.9226   9.6N  81.4E  58 163  339  10m21s

05351  0241 Jan 29  16:13:53   8108 -21755   83   A    0.5002  0.9261  10.2N  36.2W  60 159  317  09m27s
05503  0308 Nov 30  02:16:27   7469 -20916   76   A    0.3664  0.9284   1.1S 179.5W  69 194  288  09m37s
05505  0309 Nov 19  01:28:42   7460 -20904   86   A   -0.3133  0.9181  37.1S 178.7E  72  22  327  09m08s
05542  0326 Dec 11  10:23:28   7300 -20693   76   A    0.3724  0.9267   1.7S  57.7E  68 189  296  10m11s
05544  0327 Nov 30  09:29:55   7291 -20681   86   A   -0.3063  0.9183  39.3S  60.2E  72  18  326  09m12s
05582  0344 Dec 21  18:30:19   7131 -20470   76   A    0.3783  0.9258   1.5S  65.2W  68 185  302  10m34s
05584  0345 Dec 10  17:32:53   7121 -20458   86   A   -0.3003  0.9191  40.6S  58.2W  72  12  322  09m13s
05622  0363 Jan 02  02:32:58   6961 -20247   76   A    0.3870  0.9254   0.3S 173.0E  67 180  305  10m44s
05624  0363 Dec 22  01:35:17   6952 -20235   86   A   -0.2937  0.9207  40.8S 176.2W  73   6  315  09m08s
05663  0381 Jan 12  10:30:55   6791 -20024   76   A    0.3991  0.9256   1.9N  52.1E  66 176  305  10m40s

05699  0396 Sep 18  19:53:40   6643 -19830   89   A    0.1792  0.9297  11.2N  89.1W  80 198  267  09m07s
05704  0399 Jan 23  18:21:42   6621 -19801   76   A    0.4165  0.9263   5.2N  67.3W  65 172  304  10m25s
05740  0414 Sep 30  03:19:02   6473 -19607   89   A    0.1434  0.9274   4.9N 157.3E  82 198  275  09m35s
05746  0417 Feb 03  02:05:28   6451 -19578   76   A    0.4393  0.9274   9.4N 174.6E  64 169  302  09m59s
05781  0432 Oct 10  10:53:48   6302 -19384   89   A    0.1154  0.9254   1.0S  41.6E  83 197  283  10m00s
05787  0435 Feb 14  09:39:34   6280 -19355   76   A    0.4697  0.9289  14.5N  58.6E  62 166  300  09m26s
05821  0450 Oct 21  18:37:15   6131 -19161   89   A    0.0940  0.9238   6.2S  75.8W  85 195  289  10m20s
05863  0468 Nov 01  02:27:24   5959 -18938   89   A    0.0780  0.9227  10.8S 165.4E  86 193  293  10m34s
05906  0486 Nov 12  10:24:14   5786 -18715   89   A    0.0672  0.9221  14.6S  45.4E  86 189  295  10m43s
05950  0504 Nov 22  18:25:08   5613 -18492   89   A    0.0592  0.9222  17.6S  75.1W  87 186  295  10m42s

05994  0522 Dec 04  02:29:54   5438 -18269   89   A    0.0543  0.9229  19.7S 163.8E  87 181  292  10m32s
06039  0540 Dec 14  10:34:02   5263 -18046   89   A    0.0482  0.9243  20.9S  43.1E  87 176  286  10m10s
06086  0558 Dec 25  18:39:21   5085 -17823   89   A    0.0427  0.9263  21.2S  77.8W  88 171  278  09m41s
06132  0577 Jan 05  02:41:04   4905 -17600   89   A    0.0334  0.9290  20.7S 162.2E  88 166  266  09m03s
06279  0635 Nov 15  17:34:25   4391 -16872  101   A    0.6828  0.9283  23.4N  62.4W  47 188  367  09m12s
06325  0653 Nov 26  01:41:15   4239 -16649  101   A    0.6779  0.9257  21.1N 173.0E  47 184  380  09m51s
06349  0662 Nov 16  20:23:11   4150 -16538   82   A    0.8650  0.9153  37.2N  90.9W  30 202  630  09m37s
06351  0663 Nov 05  19:27:43   4140 -16526   92   A    0.1826  0.9265   7.1S  94.2W  80 202  281  09m12s
06372  0671 Dec 07  09:48:18   4059 -16426  101   A    0.6733  0.9238  19.4N  48.3E  48 179  389  10m18s
06395  0680 Nov 27  04:24:53   3970 -16315   82   A    0.8734  0.9133  37.3N 144.4E  29 197  673  10m08s

06397  0681 Nov 16  03:27:16   3960 -16303   92   A    0.1936  0.9264   9.2S 145.3E  79 198  282  09m29s
06417  0689 Dec 17  17:56:06   3880 -16203  101   A    0.6698  0.9225  18.4N  76.4W  48 175  394  10m31s
06439  0698 Dec 08  12:28:45   3790 -16092   82   A    0.8799  0.9120  37.8N  19.0E  28 192  707  10m28s
06441  0699 Nov 27  11:32:43   3781 -16080   92   A    0.2003  0.9270  10.7S  23.4E  79 194  280  09m40s
06461  0707 Dec 29  02:00:34   3716 -15980  101   A    0.6636  0.9219  17.9N 159.8E  48 170  392  10m30s
06482  0716 Dec 18  20:30:55   3644 -15869   82   A    0.8874  0.9112  39.0N 106.1W  27 186  740  10m35s
06484  0717 Dec 07  19:39:54   3637 -15857   92   A    0.2059  0.9282  11.6S  98.6W  78 190  275  09m43s
06503  0726 Jan 08  10:02:27   3572 -15757  101   A    0.6558  0.9219  18.0N  36.8E  49 165  387  10m16s
06525  0734 Dec 30  04:32:13   3501 -15646   82   A    0.8952  0.9112  40.9N 128.9E  26 181  768  10m28s
06527  0735 Dec 19  03:48:27   3493 -15634   92   A    0.2107  0.9301  11.6S 139.0E  78 185  268  09m35s


Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 0001 to 1000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

06545  0744 Jan 19  17:56:37   3429 -15534  101   A    0.6418  0.9227  18.4N  84.0W  50 161  375  09m52s
06567  0753 Jan 09  12:29:12   3357 -15423   82   A    0.9060  0.9116  43.6N   4.5E  25 175  805  10m07s
06569  0753 Dec 29  11:55:43   3349 -15411   92   A    0.2170  0.9326  10.6S  16.9E  78 181  258  09m16s
06587  0762 Jan 30  01:45:52   3285 -15311  101   A    0.6242  0.9239  19.2N 156.6E  51 157  360  09m22s
06608  0771 Jan 20  20:20:40   3213 -15200   82   A    0.9210  0.9125  47.5N 119.2W  22 169  863  09m32s
07059  0971 Oct 22  04:16:15   1757 -12717  107   A    0.2171  0.9295   0.6S 122.5E  77 194  270  09m32s
07099  0989 Nov 01  12:05:28   1649 -12494  107   A    0.1989  0.9261   5.1S   4.0E  79 191  283  10m14s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11