Hybrid Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 01m 00s

3001 to 4000 ( 3001 CE to 4000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000

During the 10 century period 3001 to 4000 ( 3001 CE to 4000 CE[2]), Earth will experience 2365 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 3001 - 4000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2365100.0%
PartialP 829 35.1%
AnnularA 741 31.3%
TotalT 625 26.4%
HybridH 170 7.2%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 40th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1366100.0%
Central (two limits) 1324 96.9%
Central (one limit) 20 1.5%
Non-Central (one limit) 22 1.6%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 741100.0%
Central (two limits) 710 95.8%
Central (one limit) 15 2.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 16 2.2%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 625100.0%
Central (two limits) 614 98.2%
Central (one limit) 5 0.8%
Non-Central (one limit) 6 1.0%

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    3991 Jul 25      Duration = 07m18s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    3080 Jan 14      Duration = 12m09s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    3667 Jan 07      Duration = 01m45s

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Hybrid Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 01m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  3004 Feb 12  17:01:39   4312  12419  166   H    0.1724  1.0110   4.2S  56.6W  80 167   38  01m09s
-----  3022 Feb 23  01:36:38   4445  12642  166   H    0.1817  1.0150   0.0N 174.5E  80 165   52  01m32s
-----  3051 Feb 03  15:09:48   4663  13000  167   H3  -0.1910  1.0172  26.8S  20.5W  79 336   60  01m32s
-----  3069 Feb 13  23:50:23   4801  13223  167   H   -0.1990  1.0157  23.5S 149.3W  78 333   55  01m23s
-----  3087 Feb 25  08:28:22   4941  13446  167   H   -0.2091  1.0145  19.9S  82.2E  78 332   51  01m17s
-----  3105 Mar 08  16:59:16   5083  13669  167   H   -0.2245  1.0137  16.4S  44.9W  77 331   48  01m13s
-----  3108 Jul 01  11:07:05   5110  13710  164   H    0.5108  1.0132  53.2N  44.7E  59 195   53  01m05s
-----  3123 Mar 20  01:25:14   5227  13892  167   H   -0.2436  1.0131  13.0S 170.9W  76 330   46  01m11s
-----  3123 Sep 12  05:05:12   5231  13898  172   H    0.2593  1.0119  17.5N 132.5E  75 210   42  01m06s
-----  3141 Mar 30  09:42:12   5373  14115  167   H   -0.2695  1.0127  10.0S  65.4E  74 331   45  01m10s

-----  3141 Sep 22  12:29:56   5377  14121  172   H    0.3222  1.0127  16.6N  22.8E  71 210   46  01m10s
-----  3159 Apr 10  17:52:34   5522  14338  167   H   -0.3004  1.0124   7.6S  56.7W  72 332   44  01m10s
-----  3159 Oct 03  20:01:00   5526  14344  172   H    0.3806  1.0131  15.6N  88.8W  68 210   48  01m12s
-----  3163 Jan 26  19:31:05   5553  14385  169   H   -0.3923  1.0129  40.3S  77.1W  67 335   48  01m04s
-----  3171 Aug 23  16:59:52   5624  14491  183   H3   0.5520  1.0144  43.4N  39.0W  56 200   59  01m15s
-----  3177 Apr 21  01:51:45   5672  14561  167   H   -0.3400  1.0120   6.1S 175.9W  70 335   44  01m09s
-----  3177 Oct 14  03:42:10   5676  14567  172   H    0.4314  1.0131  14.6N 156.6E  64 208   49  01m13s
-----  3181 Feb 06  04:13:46   5704  14608  169   H2  -0.3968  1.0158  37.0S 154.5E  66 332   59  01m18s
-----  3192 Jan 07  08:58:32   5796  14743  170   H    0.4142  1.0149   2.2N  69.9E  66 179   56  01m36s
-----  3195 May 02  09:44:13   5824  14784  167   H   -0.3846  1.0115   5.5S  66.5E  67 337   42  01m09s

-----  3195 Oct 25  11:30:55   5828  14790  172   H    0.4766  1.0130  13.7N  39.9E  61 206   50  01m14s
-----  3210 Jan 17  17:39:31   5950  14966  170   H    0.4213  1.0117   4.3N  60.5W  65 175   45  01m15s
-----  3213 May 12  17:25:49   5978  15007  167   H   -0.4372  1.0106   6.1S  48.3W  64 341   40  01m06s
-----  3213 Nov 04  19:29:34   5982  15013  172   H    0.5140  1.0128  13.1N  79.7W  59 203   51  01m15s
-----  3228 Jul 23  12:17:27   6110  15195  175   Hm  -0.1493  1.0106  11.1N  22.3E  81   7   37  01m11s
-----  3231 May 24  01:00:02   6134  15230  167   H   -0.4952  1.0095   7.9S 161.6W  60 344   37  01m01s
-----  3231 Nov 16  03:35:54   6138  15236  172   H    0.5457  1.0125  12.8N 158.6E  57 199   51  01m15s
-----  3246 Aug 03  19:21:42   6267  15418  175   H   -0.2267  1.0136   4.0N  84.5W  77  10   48  01m31s
-----  3249 Nov 26  11:52:09   6297  15459  172   H    0.5697  1.0124  12.7N  34.0E  55 195   52  01m16s
-----  3264 Aug 14  02:28:00   6427  15641  175   H2  -0.3029  1.0161   3.5S 167.5E  72  13   58  01m45s

-----  3267 Dec 07  20:15:14   6457  15682  172   H    0.5886  1.0126  13.0N  92.4W  54 191   53  01m18s
-----  3285 Dec 18  04:45:16   6619  15905  172   H    0.6025  1.0131  13.7N 139.2E  53 187   56  01m22s
-----  3303 Dec 30  13:20:44   6783  16128  172   H2   0.6124  1.0139  14.8N   9.4E  52 182   60  01m27s
-----  3330 Aug 06  21:45:09   7029  16457  186   H   -0.4507  1.0135   8.8S 124.9W  63  22   51  01m22s
-----  3387 Jul 07  17:03:52   7570  17161  178   H    0.2498  1.0126  36.5N  38.4W  75 194   45  01m11s
-----  3405 Jul 19  00:10:40   7746  17384  178   H2   0.3259  1.0165  38.8N 141.0W  71 200   60  01m28s
-----  3453 Jun 29  12:17:41   8223  17977  189   H3   0.4923  1.0147  52.7N  30.1E  60 177   58  01m13s
-----  3471 Jul 10  19:27:26   8406  18200  189   H    0.4186  1.0130  46.8N  73.1W  65 183   49  01m09s
-----  3489 Jul 21  02:33:52   8591  18423  189   H    0.3428  1.0108  40.1N 177.3W  70 188   40  01m01s
-----  3522 Oct 13  04:33:28   8937  18834  197   H    0.5532  1.0116  24.7N 155.6E  56 198   48  01m08s

-----  3526 Feb 05  04:20:41   8971  18875  194   H   -0.5287  1.0126  47.4S 163.7E  58 344   51  01m02s
-----  3540 Oct 23  12:17:12   9127  19057  197   H    0.5018  1.0126  17.7N  37.6E  60 195   50  01m17s
-----  3546 Jun 21  21:42:43   9187  19127  181   H   -0.3676  1.0129   1.8N 104.2W  68 355   48  01m27s
-----  3555 Jan 16  17:48:26   9279  19233  195   H    0.5141  1.0132   9.0N  55.2W  59 165   53  01m20s
-----  3558 May 11  18:14:03   9315  19274  192   H   -0.5477  1.0098  14.9S  49.9W  57 351   40  01m03s
-----  3558 Nov 03  20:09:27   9320  19280  197   H    0.4570  1.0132  11.6N  82.0W  63 192   51  01m23s
-----  3573 Jan 27  02:30:05   9473  19456  195   H    0.5091  1.0102  10.5N 174.1E  59 161   41  01m01s
-----  3576 May 22  01:54:49   9509  19497  192   H   -0.4982  1.0098   9.4S 166.4W  60 355   39  01m05s
-----  3576 Nov 14  04:10:04   9514  19503  197   H    0.4183  1.0137   6.3N 156.8E  65 189   52  01m28s
-----  3594 Jun 02  09:25:23   9706  19720  192   H   -0.4408  1.0096   4.0S  80.0E  64 359   37  01m05s


Catalog of Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  3594 Nov 25  12:20:00   9711  19726  197   H    0.3866  1.0140   2.1N  33.9E  67 185   52  01m31s
-----  3612 Jun 12  16:49:48   9904  19943  192   H   -0.3788  1.0090   0.8N  31.4W  68   3   33  01m01s
-----  3612 Dec 05  20:38:08   9910  19949  197   H    0.3608  1.0145   1.2S  90.6W  69 181   53  01m34s
-----  3627 Aug 24  10:52:23  10073  20131  200   H2  -0.6316  1.0136  24.6S  42.2E  51  29   59  01m15s
-----  3630 Dec 17  05:04:24  10110  20172  197   H    0.3413  1.0151   3.2S 143.2E  70 177   55  01m37s
-----  3648 Dec 27  13:35:41  10313  20395  197   H2   0.3253  1.0159   4.3S  15.9E  71 172   58  01m41s
-----  3667 Jan 07  22:13:32  10518  20618  197   H2   0.3144  1.0171   4.2S 112.8W  72 168   62  01m45s
-----  3713 Dec 30  20:28:38  11060  21199  198   H   -0.2907  1.0132  40.0S  81.9W  73   2   48  01m11s
-----  3872 Dec 13  23:20:57  12998  23165  201   Hm   0.0842  1.0137  18.3S 118.3W  85 178   47  01m26s
-----  3909 Jul 01  06:10:45  13465  23617  206   H   -0.5654  1.0121  11.2S 139.7E  55   9   51  01m20s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11